英语近义词辨析全集.doc

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1、.-英语近义词辨析大全compete、contest和match三个字都作竞争和比赛解,其间有什么差别呢?Compete指两个(或一些)人或派别之间,为达到某种目标而进行的竞争。例如 Only two men are competing for the cup (只有两人在争夺奖杯)。The US and Iraqi armies were competing for victory in the battle (美伊两军打仗时各自在争取胜利)。 Contest是为夺取胜利而展开竞争或进行比赛,或为获得控制权或某种优势而争夺。例如 There are three candidates ente

2、ring the contest for the presidency (有三名侯选人参加总统竞选)。 若作为及物动词,contest亦可解作提出异议,例如 The father of the deceased billionaire contests the will (那已过身的亿万富豪之父对遗嘱提出异议)。 Match则表示与人对抗或比试,例如 The boy matches his strength with his brother (男孩与其兄弟比试力气)。 Match也可解作匹敌,例如 For food no country can match China (至于食物,没有一个国家

3、可与中国媲美)。 Contest和match尚可作名词用,习惯上说 a beauty contest、a speech contest,但a basketball match 。 Agree to与Agree with的分别按agree with是赞成,其受词可以是人、计划、分析、建议等,例如:(1) I agree with the proposal(我赞成这个建议)。(2) I agree with his analysis of the situation(我同意他对情况的分析)。(3) I agree with every word youve just said(你刚才说的每一个字我

4、都同意)。agree to则可能不赞成,但仍然接受,例如:(1) As I had no choice, I had to agree to their very harsh terms(我别无办法,唯有答应他们苛刻的要求)。(2) I agree to the proposal(我可能不赞成,但仍接受这个建议)。不少人都听过以下说法: You agree with somebody but agree to something (同意某人的话,是agree with;同意某件事,是agree to)。但请看张道真现代英语用法词典所引英国小说家沃尔蒲(Hugh Walpole)They mig

5、ht not agree with his opinions (他们未必赞同他的意见)、名作家王尔德(Oscar Wilde)I dont agree with a single word that you have said (你说的话,我一个字都不赞同)二语,你就会发觉不能说agree with something的原则子虚乌有。earnest、serious和solemn三字之间有何区别? 此三字均有严肃的之意,但其间有差别,或另有不同的意思,不宜错用。 Earnest即serious或over-serious,意为严肃的,或非常严肃的,例如 He is an earnest stude

6、nt of English.他学英文十分认真。 但不要说I am earnest,而应说I am in earnest,与I am serious意思相仿,可译作我是认真的。 Earnest亦可解作showing sincerity,意为态度热诚,例如 He is earnest about giving his son a good education.他热切地要给儿子良好的教育。 Serious即dealing with important issues或not joking,意为严肃的,或不是说笑的,例如 I am serious about doing it.我做此事是当真的。 但se

7、rious亦可解作severe,意为严重的,例如 This country is faced with a serious crisis.这个国家面临一个严重的危机。 Solemn则是of a very serious nature,或of a formal nature,或sombre in appearance,意为非常严重的,或庄严的,或老气横秋的,例如 The organ played solemn music.风琴奏出壮严的音乐。 He looked as solemn as a judge.他神色凝重,看上去像个法官。 Sick和ill有甚么分别?Sick、ill都解作病了,但英国

8、人多说ill,美国人多说sick。She is/looks ill或she is/looks sick都是说她病了/她一脸病容。 此外,ill一般不会用在名词之前,例如患病的孩子多叫a sick child,很少叫an ill child,除非ill字有副词(adverb)修饰,例如a critically ill child(病情危殆的孩子)。泛指病人,也多说the sick,很少说the ill,例如: He devoted his life to helping the sick(他一生致力帮助病人)。病假、病假津贴也叫sick leave、sick pay,不用ill字。只是健康不好却

9、叫ill health,不可叫sick health。 说患病,人是sick或ill都可以,但动物一般是sick而不是ill,植物更是可sick不可ill,例如: The pot plants are sick (那些盆栽植物患病)。 Sick和ill最大的分别,在于sick可以指作呕,ill却不可以。所以晕船、晕车、晕飞机等,英文叫seasick、carsick、airsick。她搭车作呕英文就是She felt sick in the car。然则I was sick yesterday 是我昨天病了还是我昨天呕吐?在美国,这得看情况 能回答;在英国,则应是指我昨天呕吐和I was ill

10、 yesterday (我昨天病了)不同。 留意病情转坏不可叫iller 、 sicker等,只可用worse来说,例如: He fell ill yesterday and today he is worse (他昨天生病,今天病得更厉害)。 Real、genuine二字怎样分别?Real、genuine都可译做真的。Genuine多用来指不是伪造的,但也可以说感情真挚,例如: (1) It is made of genuine leather(那是用真皮做的)。 (2) There is a genuine painting by Picasso(有一幅毕加索的真 )。 (3) He ha

11、d a genuine interest in child welfare(他真心关怀儿童福利)。 Real可以指与现实相符,例如: The Nanking massacre is one of the real events is history that some people would rather forget(历史上一些确凿的事实,是有些人宁愿忘记的,例如南京大屠杀)。不过,real也有名副其实、不是赝品的含义,所以,真皮译做real leather也可以。你还可以说a real painting、a real interest等。Genuine强调的,是事物本身的真实;real强

12、调的,则是事实和名称相符。 留意real还有典型的、上好的含义,多用来说食物,例如 At last I was able to get some real coffee(我终于喝到真正的咖啡了),是说这样的咖啡才配称咖啡,并非说其他是假咖啡。 Enclosed和Attached的分别To attach原指钉或夹在一起,用钉书机、万字夹等把文件和信函钉或夹在一起,就是attach;例如:Details of my qualifications and experience are on the attached sheet。应征信和履历一般分别写在不同的纸张,严格来说,如把信函和附件钉或夹在一起

13、,该用attach一词,如只信函和附件只是放在一起寄出,就该用enclosed。两词用法分明,主要是看信函和附件是否钉或夹在一起。查看日常有附件的信函,不难发觉,在现代英语中,enclosed和attached的用法己无分别。但假如附件不是文件,而是一件或一箱东西,就该有enclosed,例如:Enclosed are half a dozen samples of the AH19004 combs you requested。因不能把梳子的样本夹在信函上,故不应用attached。此外,有些人喜欢用比较传的句法,例如:Please find enclosed/attached our la

14、test catalogue for your reference;比较简单而意思一样的写法是:Enclosed is our latest catalogue for your reference或I enclose our latest catalogue for your reference。切记不要在enclosed或attached之后加上herewith,因herewith是with this letter的意思,加上后无疑是画蛇添足。 everyday與every day之間有何區別?Everyday作形容詞,表示每天的,或日常的,或平凡的,例如 This is a matter

15、 of everyday occurrence.這只是一件普通小事(平常事)。 至於every day,則十分簡單,表示每一天,例如 She goes to school every day.她天天上學。 有些人要加強語氣,常在every和day之間加上single,例如 She comes to see us every single day.她每天都來看我們。 Content和contents有什么分别Content、contents都可以译做内容,但contents一般指具体的事物,content则指抽象的意念。事物的成分,集合而言是contents,单独而言是content,例如 (1

16、) This beverage has a low fat content (这种饮料的脂肪成分很低)。 (2) The contents of the beverage remain unclear (这种饮料的成分仍然不清楚)。说容器里盛载的东西,一般都有实质,即contents,例如A customs official carefully examined the contents of the suitcase (一位海关人员仔细检查手提箱里的东西)。这个contents没有单数形式,不可说a content。书本的内容是content还是contents两个说法都可以,但意思不同co

17、ntent指贯彻全书的意念,contents则是指书中各章节的内容。例如(1) The content of the book is about keeping fit (这本书以保健为题材)。 (2) The contents of the book are quite interesting (这本书各章的内容很有趣)。由于contents指具体内容,说书本的目录,自然要用复数形式,例如A table of contents/A contents usually provides a useful guide to what is said in a book (看目录,通常可以知道一本书

18、说的是什么)。elder brother、older brother 及big brother有可区别?Elder brother用以表示兄弟长幼之分,例如 He is my elder brother.他是我的哥哥。 要注意,美国人常用older brother来代替elder brother。 Older brother则有比较哥哥之间长幼的意思,例如 I have an older brother.虽可译成我有一个哥哥,实际上却表示我有一个哥哥,他比此前提到过的另一个哥哥年长 。 Big brother也解作哥哥,或大哥,但亦可指无血缘关系的人,如社团、童党等的大佬。 另外,奥威尔(Ge

19、orge Orwell)小说一九八四年中有一个Big Brother,意为独裁者,或侵犯个人私隐,严控民众的国家组织。当然,这是一个特例 如何辩析document和documentation1 document应该更common一些,documentation在“文件的提供”的解释方面是document所没有的。2document 是文件documentation 是较抽象、广义的名词,意思包括纪录,文件整理,文件系统等等。 有人如此分辨:document = 文件documentation = 文献3简单地说,document多指具体的文件和文档,而documentation多指文件或文档的

20、编制,侧重于编制文件这一动作。当然,后者也可以指文献资料总称。具体详见它们的英文解释。4可否把form归结为“documentation而非document?问得好。就用这个例子解释。Form(s) 本身,填好的,没填好的,都是document(s).填 form 的动作、目的,将填好的forms(复数)汇总建立系统,建成的系统等等,就是documentation.5documentation (不可数名词)Documentation consists of documents which provide proof or evidence of something, or are a rec

21、ord of something.例: Passengers must carry proper documentation. Document(可数名词)- A document is one or more official pieces of paper with writing on them.- A document is a piece of text or graphics, for example a letter, that is stored as a file on a computer and that you can access in order to read i

22、t or change it. 例: When you are finished typing, remember to save your document.She carefully filed all the documents.6参考文件使用reference documentation 就比较适合,而一般的,如文件编号,文件名称则直接使用“document”表达即可。7documentation是指一些正式的文献,资料等. 而document只是指普通的文件而已,例如一些办公室的文件等。Let,lend和borrow有什么分别借办公室、厕所、电话等给人用,英文不可说lend some

23、body the office/ toilet/ telephone等,只可说let somebody use the office/toilet/telephone。例如: Mr Chan is kind enough to let us use his office for the meeting this Friday(陈先生惠然借出办公室供我们本星期五开会)。无论意思是借给人的lend还是向人借的borrow,一般都是指暂时拿去、用后归还;假如不拿走,就不用这两个字。所以,向图书馆借了本书,可以说I borrowed a book from the library;借人家的字典当场查查

24、,则应说May I use your dictionary?,不应说May I borrow your dictionary?。Little与small有可分别?Little通常指小和可爱,往往带有感情色彩,它的反义词是great。例如:a handy little calculator轻便的小计算器a little girl一个可爱(或可怜) 的小女孩a little house是指小巧玲珑的房子Stanley loved the feminine facial aspects of Beatrice, her soft clear skin, her large eyes, her lit

25、tle ears. 斯坦利喜欢阿特丽思女性气质的脸质她那软软的,干干净净的皮肤,大大的眼睛,和小巧的耳朵Small是中性词,不带感情色彩,主要用来强调形体大小,它的反义词是large。例如:a small girl一个年龄(或身材) 不大的女孩a small house是指面积(或容量) 不大的房子此外;little和small在修饰某些名词时,会产生不同的意思。例如:little money是没有多少钱small money是面额小的钱币Think of 和 think about说思念或对某人、某事的看法,think of和think about可以通用,例如:(1) What do yo

26、u think of / about his proposal? (你对他的建议有甚么意见?)(2) He often thinks of / about his parents (他经常想念父母)。 但是,说考虑,一般用think about,例如:I will think about the plan, and see if it is feasible (我会考虑这个计划,看看可不可行)。 说记起、有意(做某事)和想像,则用think of,例如:(1) I just cant think of her name (我就是记不起她的名字)。(2) We are thinking of s

27、elling our home (我们有意把房子出售)。以上是think of、think about的主要异同。For example与such as的用法及区别1)for example和such as都可当作“例如”解。但such as用来列举事物,插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。例如:The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and rice.这个农场种植各种各样的庄稼,例如麦子,玉米,棉花和稻米。2)for example意为用来举例说明,有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关

28、系。例如:A lot of people here, for example, Mr John, would rather have coffee.这儿的许多人,例如约翰先生,宁愿喝咖啡。【注意】(a)such as一般不宜与and so on连用。(b)对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用,一般不全部列出。故不可以说:He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, French and German. 应将such as改成namely, 后面加逗号。即:He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, Eng

29、lish, French and German.fragrance、odour、scent、perfume及smell之间的区别? Fragrance意为芬芳,尤指花香,颇具诗意,例如 The air was full of fragrance of violets.空气中散发着紫罗兰的香味。 须注意,fragrance是文学书面语,平时说话鲜少使用。 Odour(美国人串为odor)表示气味,是香或是臭,则须按修饰语来决定,例如 I find the odor of hay especially pleasing.我觉得干草的清香格外宜人。 He is in bad odor.他声名狼藉。

30、Scent一般指较弱的香味,例如 Al Pacino starred in Scent of a Woman.阿帕仙努主演女人香。 Perfume则指较浓的香味,或指香水,例如 It smells of the perfume of flower.此物散发花香。 Smell即为嗅到的气味,强调加在嗅觉器官上的效果有时亦指难闻的气味,例如 I like the smell in the country after rain.我喜欢雨后乡间的气息。 There is always some smell about him.他身上总有异味。 How about 和 What about 有何差异?

31、在表达提出某种建议的意思. 怎么样;. 好吗?时,How about 和 What about 是可以互换的,亦即意思是一样的:How/What about a drink? (喝杯酒怎么样?;喝杯酒好吗?)。再举一例:Where should we go on vacation? How about Hawaii? What about Japan? (我们该去那里度假呢?,去夏威夷怎么样?,去日本好吗?)。若是征求意见或打听消息,你只能使用 What about:What about the university? (强调 about 这个字) - 这是 How about . 无法表达的

32、意思。但 How about 可以用来表达对事物的惊讶:How about those dogs? - What about 则没有这项意思。此外,如果你提供多项事物让人选择,那么必须使用 How about 才能克竟全功:Here are three jackets you might buy. How about the grey one?。 By turns与in turn的分别By turns意指轮流地、交替地、(one after another; alternately or in rotation); in turn则指依次相继地。例如:They sang song by tur

33、ns.他们轮流唱歌。We sang the song in turn.我们依照次序唱歌。war和warfare二字有什么分别?按war、warfare一般都译做战争,但warfare多是指某种战术或战争,例如chemical warfare(化学战)、germ warfare(细菌战)、maritime warfare(海战)、economic warfare(经济战)等。又warfare是不可数名词,war则做可数或不可数名词都可以,所以一场战争不可能说a warfare,只能说a war。当然,war、warfare都可解作战争行为,有时可以通用,例如War/Warfare broke o

34、ut between China and Japan in 1937(一九三七年,中日战争爆发)。分享到: 分享3 收藏2 支持1 反对0 英语近义词辨析大全So与such之分别So如此、这么,用来表达程度的程度副词,幷用以修饰名词前面的形容词。如:We did not except him to stay so long.(我们没想到他会停留这么久)He is not so clever a boy as his younger brother.(他不像他弟弟那般聪明)Such与so同义,亦用来表示程度,但其为形容词,用来修饰名词。如:All such possibilities must

35、be considered.(所有这样的可能性都必须加以考虑)Ive never heard of such a thing!(我从未听说过这样的事)So之后如接名词只能接单数可数名词,句型为so+形容词+a/an+名词;如接复数名词或不可数名词则用such,句型为such+形容词+名词。例如:John and Willy are such naught boys that they are not allowed to go to the movie.The food was so bad that nobody could eat it.It was such an important e

36、vent.The weather was so beautiful that we decided to go to the beach. Someone与somebody这两个字都是有人、某人的意思,一般可以通用,例如:Someone/Somebody must have told him(一定有人告诉了他)。Somebody比someone较常用于口语。此外,somebody还可以指有头有脸的人物,和nobody(无名小卒)相对,例如:He thinks himself somebody(他以名人自居)。Someone或no one却没有这个somebody、nobody的意思。Inqui

37、ry和Enquiry的分别一般而言,用inquiry来说调查,enquiry说询问。例如军事调查法庭,英文是court of inquiry,不宜称为court of enquiry,协助警方调查,英文是to help the police with their inquiries,这个inquiries也不宜改作enquiries。而一般机构的询问处,英文是enquiry office或enquiry counter,不宜称为inquiry office或inquiry counter。说要问问汇率高低,英文是I will make enquiries about the exchange

38、rates,这个enquiries也不宜改作inquiries。Enquiry、inquiry这两个字的动词enquire、inquire,用法上也是有同样分别的。Bureau, department and office意为“局”时区别简议Bureau可数名词,其复数形式bureaus (英), bureaux (美),作“(政府部门的)司、局、处”等解时,多用于美国英语,且常与介词of和for搭配使用。如:the Industry and Commerce Bureauthe Bureau of the Censusthe Bureau of Public Worksthe Federal

39、 Bureau of Investigation, etc而英国政府的行政部门“局”通常用department.如:the Statistic DepartmentThe Police Department is part of the city government. 在美国政府的行政部门department通常多作“部”解,相当于英国的ministry 或office,并和介词of搭配。如:the Education Department (the Department of Education)the Treasury Department (the Department of Trea

40、sury)He s a senior executive at the State Department. etcOffice 英国英语通常作“(政府的)部”解,一般应大写,相当于美国英语department.(在美国英语中,office通常作“司、局、处”解,如:Office of Science and Technology, Land Office,etc.但不绝对。)office在英国英语中有时也可作“局”解,并常与介词of 搭配使用。如:the Foreign Officethe Home Officethe War Office, etc.Office 含有政府部门办公地点、办公建

41、筑物的意思。我国政府行政部门的“部”、“司”、“局”、“处”等英文译名通常依据英国习惯,即ministry(部)、department(司)、bureau(局)、division(处)等。如:礼宾司 the Protocol Department人事处 the Personnel Division (the Division of Personnel)外交部 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs(外交部的)亚洲司 the Department of Asian Affairs, etc. wide和broad有什麽分別wide和broad是同义词,在表示街道、河流多宽

42、时,两个单词都可用。如:Canal Street is very wide.(运河街很宽) The main street of the village was broad.(村子里的大街很宽) They came to a wide river.(他们来到一条大河边) The river is 30 feet broad.(那条河有三十英尺宽)当谈到某样东西有多宽时要用wide。如:The door is three feet wide.(门有三英尺宽) The material is 2 meters wide.(这种衣料有2米宽)指胸部肩部宽时多用broad表示。如:He was tal

43、l, broad-shouldered, very handsome.(他高个子,肩很宽,很英俊)此外,二者都可以用于引申意义,wide表示“广泛的、渊博的、丰富的”等等。如:He has wide interest.(他有广泛的兴趣) He has a wide knowledge of French history.(他对法国历史有渊博的知识) An executive should have wide business experience.(一个主管人员应该有丰富的商业经验)broad表示“宽阔的,广大的”等等。如:He has a broad mind.(他有广阔的胸怀) The b

44、road masses of the people of the world ant to be friends with us.(世界上的广大群众愿和我们友好whoever 与whomever有什么不同?The senator depended upon whoever was willing to assist him.whoever=the person who上句等于The senator depended upon the person who was willing to assist him.句中the person作前半句中upon的受词 (upon the person);w

45、ho作后半句was willing to assist him的主词 (who was willing to assist him)。The senator depended upon whomever he trusted.whomever= the person whom 上句等于The senator depended upon the person whom he trusted.句中the person作前半句中upon的受词 (upon the person);whom作后半句 he trusted的受词(whom he trusted)。 Sex 和 gender有甚么分别?查字

46、典,同样都解作性别或性。 福 勒 ( HW Fowler ) 编 撰 的 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage说:Gender只是个文法名词。把男人和女人或雄性和雌性生物称为persons or creatures of the masculine or feminine gender,不是戏谑(得当与否须看上下文),就是错误。然则gender和*的分别很清楚:现实生活中,性别或性叫做*;文法上,man(男人)、father(父亲)、he(他)等字属于masculine gender(雄性),woman(女人)、mother(母亲)、she(她)等字属于fe

47、minine gender(雌性),paper(纸)、baby(婴儿)、it(它)等字无性别之分,则叫neuter gender(中性)。不过,*一字往往使人想到巫山云雨,有人于是讳言*, 改说gender,例如: Race and gender should not be taken into consideration in the recruitment process(招聘过程中,不应考虑种族和性别因素)。福勒之类学者会说:这一句的gender应作*。当然,语文发展不会受学者左右,而gender渐渐也不再是纯文法用语。现在,gender常用来说男女教养上、心理上的分别, *则用来说男女生理上的分别,例如:(1) Her gender did not prevent her from taking ruthless measures

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