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1、精品名师归纳总结2021 年全国硕士讨论生入学统一考试英语试卷Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best words for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 10 pointsResearch on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.（ 1） thefruit- fly experiments de
2、scribed in Carl Zimmer s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly （ 2） to live shorterlives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an（ 4） in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it （5） out, is a high-priced
3、option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow（6） the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual（ 7） instead of instinct. Plenty ofot her species are able to learn, and one of the things they ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to （ 9） intelligence
4、. That s the question behind this new research. I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance（ 10 ） at all the spe cies we ve left in the dust I.Q-w. ise, it implicitlyasks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12the mind of every animal I ve met.Research on animal intelligence
5、also makes me wonder what experiments animals would （ 13） on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, （ 14） , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that （ 15） animals ran the labs, they would test us to （ 16） the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, o
6、ur memory for terrain. They would try to decide whatintelligence in humans is really （ 17） , not merely how much of it there is.18, they would hope tostudy a19question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in.20the results are inconclusive.1. A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2. A ten
7、dedB fearedC happenedD threatened3. A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4. A tendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5. A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6. A offB behindC overD along7. A incredibleB spontaneous CinevitableD gradual8. A fightB doubtC stopD think9. A invisibleB limitedC
8、indefiniteD different10. A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11. A featuresB influencesC resultsD costs12. A outsideB onC byD across13. A deliverB carryCperformD apply14. A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结15. A ifB unlessC asD lest16. A moderateB overcomeC det
9、ermineD reach17. A atB forC afterD with18. A Above allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19. A fundamentalB comprehensive C equivalentD hostile20. A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each
10、text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 40 pointsText1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilotandrelaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“ Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordswo
11、rth said in the 19th century. In the ever -changing 21st century, even the word“ habit” iecsarar negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we
12、create parallelsynaptic paths, and even entirelynew brain cells, that can jump our trains of thoughtonto new,innovative tracks.But don bt other trying to kill off old habits 。 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they rtehere to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberatel y i
13、ngrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“ The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, autho of“ The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“ B are taught instead to decide, j
14、ust as our president calls himself the Decider. ” She ad that“ to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring themany other possibili ties.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 cove
15、red that humans are born withthe capacity to approach challenges in four primaryways: analytically, procedurally, relationally or collaboratively and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable d
16、uring the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that fewof us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“ This breaks the major rule in the American belief system -that anyone can do anything,” explai
17、ns M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006book“ This Year I Will.” and Ms. Markova s business partner.“ That s a lie that we have perpetuaand itfosters commonness.Knowingwhatyou regood atand doingeven moreof itcreates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit
18、is claimed by being可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. ” ruts” in line one, paragraph 3 has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristics D.
19、 connections24. Ms. Markova s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing. A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking model D, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are b
20、orn of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wisefather that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal fatherlywisdom -or at least confirm that he s the kid s dad. All he needs
21、to do is shell outrer$n3it0yfor pa testing kit PTK at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which make
22、s the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , rangingin price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage
23、a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the companyfor testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observer
24、s are skeptical,“ There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Terewy YDoursktUenr,ivaeNrsity sociologist. He notesthat each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only
25、considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through menin a father osrlimneitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can revealgenetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six oth
26、er great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collectionsto which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don rtely on data collected systematically but rather lump
27、 together information from different research projects. This means thata DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. I
28、n paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A easy availability Bflexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27. PTK is used to. Alocate one s birth place Bpromote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28. Ske
29、ptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to. Atrace distant ancestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is. Adisorganized data collectionB overlapping database bui
30、lding30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be. AFors and Againsts of DNA testingB DNA testing and It s problemsCDNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationshipbetweenformaleducationand economicgrowthinpoorcountriesis widely misunderstood by economists and
31、 politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary forthe social, politicaland intellectualdevelopmentof these and all othersocieties。 however, theconventionalview that educationshould be one of the very highest prioritiesfor promotingrapid economicdevelopmentin poorcountriesis wrong.
32、Weare fortunatethatis it,becausenew educationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomic performancewouldrequire twoor threegenerations.The findings of a research institutionhave consistently shown that workers in allcountries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher
33、productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the firstevidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Notlong ago, withthe countryenteringa recessing and Japan at its pre-bubblepeak. The U.S. workforcewas derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of
34、 the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training th
35、at U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non- English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s wor
36、k.What is the real relationshipbetweeneducationand economicdevelopment.We have to suspect可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even whengovernments don ftorce it. After all, that hsow education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and g
37、atherers 10,000 years ago, they didn htave time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for otherthings.As education improved, humanity s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. Thi
38、s increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex politicalsystems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their povertytraps withoutpoliticalchanges thatmay be possible only withbroader f
39、ormal education.A lack of formal education,however, do esn ctonstrain the ability of the developingworld wsorkforceto substantiallyimproveproductivityfor the forested future.On thecontrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn t developing more quickly there than it is.31.
40、 The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries.A is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system. Achallenges economists and poli
41、ticiansB takes efforts of generationsC demands priority from the governmentD requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productive Cthe U.S workforce has a better
42、educationD the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged.A when people had enough timeB prior to better ways of finding foodC when people on longer went hungD as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragrap
43、h , development of education.A results directly from competitive environmentsB does not depend on economic performanceC follows improved productivityD cannot afford political changesText 4可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and politi
44、cal leadersof seventeenth-centuryNew England. According to the standardhistory of Americanphilosophy, nowhereelse incolonialAmericawas “ Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits” According tomany books and articles, New England lesaders established thebasic themesand preoccupations of an unfold
45、ing, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean tostart with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping withour examinationof south
46、ernintellectuallife,we may considerthe original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjustingto New worldcircumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civilityand virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educationand influencein England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massa