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1、2022年职称英语-理工-B类每日一练04-17-职称英语-理工-B类The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World1Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would tra
2、vel through your body to remove your disease.2The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the small
3、er one. The small droplet grows but never gets as big as the other droplet and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke.23The technique exploits the fact that surface
4、 tension the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.4Although the amount of energy produced is small 20 microwatts it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of
5、 the motor4. The whole setup5is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camrys 225 horsepower V6 engine.5In 1988, Professo
6、r Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettls group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.6Nanotechno
7、logy engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and rep
8、air damaged cells.词汇：shuffle /fl/v来回运动molten / mltn/adj溶化的droplet / drplt/n小滴nanoconveyorn纳米传送带bump / bmp /v碰撞sop / sp /v吸入microwatt / makr()wt /n微瓦nanomachine n纳米机器nanometer / nnmi:t(r)/n纳米，微毫米micromotorn微电机nanotuben纳米管nanotechnologyn纳米技术mimic / mmk /v模仿stroke / strk /n行程，冲程nanomotorn纳米发动机注释：1ever：
9、比以往任何时候，曾经。如：This is the best book I have ever read.这是我读过的书中最好的一本。2power stroke：动力行程3at small scales：在小等级上。这里指的是“在纳米等级上”。4it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor：与电动机的小等级相比，功率是相当可观了。in relation to是“与相比”。如：The city is quite large in relation to itspopulation.就人口而言，这个城市相当的大。5
10、setup：装置。这里指nanomotor。6If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine：如果纳米电动机能按比例放大到汽车发动机的尺寸。scale . up to是“把按比例放大到”。7across：从一端到另一端AAn Introduction of a Toyotas 225 Horsepower V6 Engine BA Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and SizeCSurface TensionDPrevious Inventions of N
11、anoscale ProductsEThe Working Principle of the NanomotorFPossible Fields of Application in the Future1、Paragraph 6 _A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FMaking Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cy
12、cle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells
13、 you its time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your bodys clock out of sync
14、 with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they dont get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their
15、mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，it automatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play import
16、ant roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the bodys clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The
17、 second system tells our body whether its day or night.词汇：circadian/ s:kedin/ adj. 昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的adolescent/ dlesnt/ n青少年；adj青少年的puberty/ pj:bti/ n发育；青春期sync/sik/ n. （口语）同步；和谐，协调synchronize/sikrnaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步注释：1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements我们不应当低估他们的
18、成就。2. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock （生物钟）。3. stay up：不睡觉，熬夜4. This shift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现象。5. get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态7. Brown Uni
19、versity in Providence， RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是Rhode Island（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。8. the signals that synchronize the bodys clock：平衡生物钟的光信号2、What is implied in the second paragraph?A. Young chil
20、drens biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B. People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C. Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D. Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to th
21、e light from the computer screen.Driven to DistractionJoe Coyne slides into the drivers eat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.But even if he hadn
22、t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isnt real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isnt really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind
23、 the wheel4.The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distractingor whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6“Were looking at the performance and mental workload
24、of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7.The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through differen
25、t kinds of environments and heavy vs. light traffic. Preliminary results show that as people “get into more challenging driving situations, they dont have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” Baldwin said.But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. This next s
26、tep is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers mental workload.“Is it best if they see a picturethat shows their position, a map kind of display?9” Baldwin said. “Is it best if they hear it?”Navigational systems now on the market giv
27、e point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. “Theyre very unforgiving,” Baldwin said. “If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.”That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers
28、 who prefer route directions, Baldwin said.Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense10 for people who prefer the survey style, she said.Interestingly, other research has shown that a
29、bout 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why men dont like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.词汇：interstate / ntstet / n. 洲际公路workload / w:kld / n. 工作负担，工作量congestion
30、 / kndestn / n. 拥挤tradeoff n. 交替使用；交替；换位computerize / kmpju:traz / v. 使计算机化；用计算机操作unforgiving / nfgv / adj.不原谅人的，无情的注释：1.head：意为“to go in a certain direction”（朝着一定方向前进）2.The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion：空荡荡的那段州际公路结束了，进入拥塞的城市interstate：州际高速公路体系；give way to：让位于。3.Old Domin
31、ion University：Old Dominion是美国吉尼亚州的别称。4.the person behind the wheel：开车人5.offset：意为“to counterbalance or compensate for”（平衡或补偿）6.whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locaations：这个句子的大意是“驾驶员在陌生环境里从那些可读和可听的说明（audible or written
32、 directions）中所得到的的寻路指南的鞥益处是否抵消了这些东西引起的注意力不集中的问题”。7.auditory and visual cues：听觉和视觉提示8.mental workload：精神负荷9.a map kind of display：有点像地图那样的显示图片。kind of：是一种非正式表达，意思是“rather；somewhat”（相当；有一些），如：I am kind of hot我有点热。10.make sense：使有意义，意思清楚3、What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph?A.
33、 Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations.B. In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things.C. In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.D. Drivers mental load re
34、mains unchanged under different situations.Giant StructuresIt is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more _1_ constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our _2_ although they may have been surpassed by some more rec
35、ent wonders.The Petronas Twin Towers1The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a _3_ of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur2. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symboliz
36、ing a gateway to the city. The American _4_ Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1,800 square metres of800 office space _5_ every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base.Other _6_ of this impressive buildi
37、ng include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades.The MiUau Bridge3The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France. _7_ the time it was built，it was the worlds highest bridge, _8_ over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazing
38、ly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to _9_ Millaus congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the _10_extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!The Itaip
39、u Dam4The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana5, _11_ forms a natural border between Brazil6 and Paraguay7. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried
40、out as a joint project between the two _12_. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% ofParaguays and 25% of Brazils _13_ needs. In its construction, the _14_ of iron andsteel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers8. It is a _15_ amazing wond
41、er ofengineering.词汇：worthy / w: /adj.值得的surpass / sp:s /v.超过，胜过symbolize / smblaz /v.象征congestion / kndestn /n.拥挤withstand / wstnd /v. 经受住seismic / sazmk/ 地震的dam/ dm/ n. 堤，坝hydroelectric / hadrlektrk/ adj. 水电注释：1. The Petronas Twin Towers: 国油双峰塔，又称吉隆坡双子塔。建于 1997 年，共有88 层，高达 452 公尺，曾是世界上最高的摩天楼。国油双峰塔由
42、两幢大楼组成，两幢楼的第 41 层由 58 公尺长的天桥连接。这座设计新颖的、大量使用了木锈钢与玻璃等建材的双峰塔是吉隆坡市的象征。不论你在吉隆坡的哪一个角落都可以看到这座十分现代化的建筑物。2. Kuala Lumpur:吉隆坡（马来西亚首都)3. The Millau Bridge: 米约高架桥。位于法国西南部的米约市，横跨在塔恩河仙境般的河谷之上，是通住法国南部地中海地区 75 号高速公路段上的枢纽工程。建造这座斜拉索式桥梁共花费了 3 年多的时间，总耗资 3.94 亿欧元。这座大桥全长 2.46 公里，总重 29 万吨，大桥距地面 270 米，大桥斜拉索的最高点距离地面 343 米，髙
43、出埃菲尔铁塔 23 米，是当时世界上最高的桥梁。4. The Itaipu Dam: 伊泰普水电站。伊泰普水电站是目前世界上最大的水电站之一，由巴西和巴拉圭斥资共建，两国电力公司分别拥有水电站的一半产权。整个坝长 7 853米，水位落差 118.4 米。水库面积 1 350 平方公里(其中巴西侧 750 平方公里，巴拉圭侧 600 平方公里），容量 290 亿立方米。自 1991 年起，伊泰普水电站每年发电收益约23 亿美元。5. the River Parana: 巴拉那河。南美洲第二大河。6. Brazil: 巴西(南美洲一国名）7. Paraguay: 巴拉圭(南美洲一国名）8. Eif
44、fel Towers: 埃菲尔铁塔。埃菲尔铁塔是法国巴黎著名建筑，也是巴黎的象征。塔高 985 英尺，于 1889 年为世界博览会而建造，其塔身几乎完全由开放晶格的熟铁制成。4、空11A. whatB. whichC. whoD. thatCar Thieves Could Be Stopped RemotelySpeeding off1in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch2. But he is in a nasty surprise3. The car is fitted with a remote immob
45、ilizer, and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 , he will not be able to start it again.For now, such devices 2 only available for fleets of trucks4and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technolo
46、gy could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars5, and 3 be available to ordinary cars in the UK 4 two months.The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates6 5 miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS7 satellite positioning receiver. 6 the car is stolen,
47、 a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicles engine management system and prevent the engine 7 restarted.There are even plans for immobilizers 8 shut down vehicles on the moves8, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.In the UK, an array of9technical fixes10is already making 9 harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed.” says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire11 that is funded in part 10 the motor insurance ind