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1、1 阅读是获得更综合、 更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段， 考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说， 词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要并且有相互联系的因素。阅读的方法先找到中心，再带着问题去读文章不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧1.记叙文2.说明文3.应用文记叙文：传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件， 这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。说明文：说明文是对事物的形状、性
2、质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。 把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多， 主要有定义法、 解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。议论文：主要体现人类的理性思考，它靠逻辑推理和分析论证，以理服人。即在文章中说服别人同意你的观点，乐于接受你的观点。这就是议论文的主要特点。因此，论点、论据、论证就构成了议论文的三个必备的要素精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页2 1234主旨大意细节理解推理判断猜测词义阅读技巧一猜测词义题：单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的
3、主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且， 所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 13 页3 常见问题形式有1) According to the author, the word “”means_.2) The word “” most likely means_.3) The word “” in Line .probably means4) By the word “” ,
4、the author means_.5) In Line . , the word “”refers to_.6) Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to“”?7) In Line , the word “” could best be replaced bywhich of the following? 规律方法:在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文,同义词，反义词，生活常识等猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是
5、否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。【例 1】 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile , because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的B. 徒劳的C.有效的D. 匆促的2】The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. 定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由means, is, or ，that is (to say), in other words，be called，be known
6、as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示3】Children often try to imitate or copy the behavior that they see on television.4）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete 精选学习资料 - - - -
7、 - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 13 页4 【例 6】With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence. unconditional: 无条件的，绝对的nonjudgmental: 没有判断力的6.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等postscript prehis
8、torictransnationalunderwearmisleadnonhumanantibodyChildhoodchildishwaterproofsupergirlinteractionminiskirtmicrophone rewritesubwaycooperatefriendshiptroublesometowardscareless二主旨大意题：这类 试题要求对 文章的整体或局部 （如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea) ，选择标题（ title ），判断作者的 写作目的（ purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。这一项考查的是文章的
9、灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 13 页5 但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the fol
10、lowing can summar-ize the main idea of this text?3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?4)Which is the subject discussedin the text?6)What s the best title for this passage?常见问题形式有如何做主旨大意题? 1.要搞清的是问 某一段 还是 全文 的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。? 2.如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。? 3. 找到中心句。? 4.任
11、何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。1）主题句在段首精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 13 页6 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。Example 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red me
12、at. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. : Which of th
13、e following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A. Some people like steak and others red meat. B. Vegetables are very healthy for you. C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it. D. Different people have different tastes in food. (2)主题句也会出现在段尾作者先
14、摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证 , 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. (3)在短文中间主
15、题句也可以安排在段中间, 此时前面只提出问题，文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 然后再作进一步的解释, 支持或发展 . Example 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding
16、something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 13 页7 常见问题形式有：(1) It can be inferred from the text that _. ? (2) From the text we know that _.? (3) The sto
17、ry implies that _.? (4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.? (5) The writers attitude towardis _.三、 推理判断题：? 技巧：找出作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，进行符合逻辑的推理。? 注意不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点? 解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 13 页8 One day a man wa
18、lked a pet shop and said to the shop assistant ，“ I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches （蟑螂）and two spiders（蜘蛛）.”“ What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.“ Well，” replied the man，“ I m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should le
19、ave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ”?Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the apartment， it was _. ?A. very clean?B. just cleaned by the landlord?C. tidy and comfortable?D. dirty and full of insects其他类型题目：五 理解作者的观点和态度题：既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。考
20、题主要形式 :(1)The writer s purpose in writing this story is (2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that 规律方法：正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。-假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 13 页9 Just as crying can be healthy, not crying h
21、olding back tears of anger, pain or suffering can be bad for physical( 身体的 ) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you fe
22、el like crying, dont fight it. Its a natural and healthyemotional response(反应 ). According to the author, which of the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unles
23、s we cry. D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure. Maybe tenyearold Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “ But, Dad, you cant be healthy if you re dead. ” Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belta mistake 75% of the US
24、 population make every day. The big question is why. Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “ But, Dad, you cant be healthy if you re dead? A. He was driving at great speed. B. He was running across the street. C. He didn t have his safety belt on. D. He didn t take his medicine on time. 10 岁的女儿对父亲说：“
25、 爸爸， 你若死了， 也就不可能健康了。” 女儿为什么这样说呢？下文告诉我们： 父亲匆匆忙忙在天黑之前开车赶回家，以便跑步锻炼身体，但却在开车回家时忘记系安全带。显然女儿是在责备父亲未系安全带开车，由此可推知答案应选 C。小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。表示贬义 ：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.表示褒义 : positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring表示中立 : indiffer
26、ent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 13 页10 四、事实细节题:主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问 人(who)、物(what) 、时间(when)、地点(where) 、原因 (cause)、结果(effect) 、文中的 数据(data) 等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。
27、1） Which of the following statement is true?2） Which of the following is not mentionedin the text?3） The author ( or the passage) statesthat_.4） According tothe passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?常见问题形式有：细节专题一：排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的
28、逻辑关系，找出事件发生、 发展的正确顺序。 考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。例 1： In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩 )in their bathing dresses. They hi
29、red a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 13 页11 and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士 ) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者 ). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got int
30、o the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in. In 19t
31、h century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the wate
32、r A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 细节专题二：计算题计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。 文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelor s degree
33、s (学位 ) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition Fees(学费 ) Tuition fees are different from department to department,
34、 generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz . Accommodation( 住宿 ) You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nz Health
35、 The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11
36、 页，共 13 页12 ? 视幅较小：一目一词，甚至逐词逐字，逐个字母地看? 过多地回视：每读几句又回过头来看一遍? 不好的朗读的习惯? 读读停停? 其它不良习惯：精力不集中，窜行，用手或笔一个个指着要读的字母，摇头晃脑，腿脚颤动1. 不良阅读习惯的表现1、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。例如：When the Judge had finished/ what he was saying/ Mrs Young opened her handbag she was carrying/ and took out the sewing. Without saying a word/ she chose a n
37、eedle with a very small eye/ and threaded it at her first try. 2、阅读时少用或不用词典。3 、了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识建议一 1猜测熟词新含义“ It was the best night we had ever had” , said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant. 猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外，还要求同学们有较宽的知识面，对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法，并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。2 猜测词性变换新词含义When men and wom
38、en lived by hunting 50,000 years ago，how could they even begin to picture modern life? 利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义，关键应在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥合理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。二1 绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。2 怀疑词判断法： 选项中含有不十分肯定
39、的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most( 大多数 ), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。3 关键词对应法精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 13 页13 (ABC=ABC法; ABC=A B C法 ; ABC=CBA法; ABC ABD 法) take advantage of = make use of .
40、affect = have an effect / influence on sth.be tired out = be exhausted 选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。4 锅盖法：较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。A. to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill B“ 解决技术问题 ” ；C“ 深化专业 ” ； D“ 发展职业技能” 。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D 三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 13 页