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1、1 动词不定式一、 动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式是由不定式符号to+ 动词原形构成，在某些情况下to 也可省略。A 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好似很高兴。同时发生 To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。to catch the train发生在 hurry to the station之后B不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行
2、的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。C 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。D 不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20 年。比较：不定式的时态意义。 He is said to b
3、e studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行 He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束E 不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。1一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 2 完成式 to have been done The no
4、vel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。F. 不定式的否认形式不定式的否认形式由not 或 never 加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。注意：谓语动词的否认和不定式的否认不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。二、 动词不定式的用法动词
5、不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。A动词不定式作主语不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。 1 不定式短语在句首作主语 To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。 2 用 it作形式主语在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your back t
6、o your teacher and refuse to answer. 背对着老师，拒绝答复以下问题是不礼貌的。注意：当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。B 动词不定式作表语精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页2 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut.他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。注意：有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，
7、但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。C 动词不定式作宾语不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but 和 except 等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1 作动词的宾语不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence.父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。必背：可接不定式作宾语的动词有： afford负担得起 agree 同意 aim 以为目标 ask 要求 attempt 尝试 begin 开始 care喜爱 choose 决定 continue 继续 decide 决定 desire 要求
8、determine决心 expect 期待 fail不能 forget 忘记 hate不愿 hope 希望、 manage设法 mean 打算 offer表示愿意 plan 计划 prefer 宁愿 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 remember 记起 try努力 want 想要 wish 希望在 feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without
9、a computer. 我发现有可能不用电脑而解出这道题目。 She made it a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。在表示“希望、打算”等动词如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I had intended to call on you. 我原想来拜访你的。 I had expected to meet him here last night. 我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。 We had meant to stay there a week. 我们原打算
10、在那儿呆一个星期的。2作介词的宾语不定式可以作介词but 和 except 的宾语。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual.他没有什么选择，只好似往常一样坐在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently.我们只能耐心等待。3作形容词的宾语不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content,
11、cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下 She was not content to live a quiet life in a small tow
12、n. 她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。 The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The ri
13、ver is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。 A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。D 动词不定式作宾语补足语不定式可以在“主语+谓语 +宾语 +宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页3 1 在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to 。 这类动词有： see, hear, feel, watch, notice, obse
14、rve, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我听见他们唱歌了。注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to 的不定式要变成带to 的不定式。 notice和 watch 没有被动语态。 We saw the car stop. The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。n 2 在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to 。这类动词有： make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to 的不定式 have 没有被动语态。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to ，这些动词有：一感二听三让
15、四观看。一感： feel二听： hear,listen to三让： let,have,make四观看： observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。3 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有： consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+ 形容词或名词”结构，think, consider, fin
16、d后的 to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important.他证明那个理论是很重要的。4在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打搅他。 I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。5动词 advise, a
17、llow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。 We dont allow such things to happen again.我们不容许这种事情再发生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。注意： hope, demand,
18、 suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。【误】 I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】 I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。【正】 I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。【误】 He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 6动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive. 我正等着詹姆斯的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them
19、 up at the station. 他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。E 动词不定式作定语不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、 同位关系和修饰关系。1主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。2动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他总是有许多信要写 The teac
20、her left us a lot of problems to solve. 老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担忧的。3同位关系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。4修饰关系精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
21、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页4 Now it is time to begin our class. 现在是上课的时间了。 I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一个地方打个盹。F 动词不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) t
22、o do,和 so as (not) to do结构 so as to do不可以置于句首。 2 表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。必背：不定式表示结果常见于以下句型。 1 so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2 such . as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。 3 enoug
23、h to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 4 only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 5 too . to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的视力太差了，不能看这么小的字。注意： too.to.结构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready 等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否认的意思。 T
24、he boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那个男孩非常迫切地想要得到一本地理书。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很迫切地想知道考试结果。 3 表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time.我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。 4 表示条件 A man would be blind no
25、t to see that. 一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？三、 动词不定式的几种常见结构A 不定式的复合结构动词不定式的逻辑主语即不定式动作的执行者通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“ for + 名词代词+ 不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。 This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。
26、Thats for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。Bbe + 不定式结构“ be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1 表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 You are not to stand here. 你不能站在这里。 2 表示计划或安排精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页5 We are to begin the work next month. 我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。 Whats to be done next
27、 下一步该怎么办？C疑问词 + 不定式结构疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 I dont know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去开会。 When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。Dwithwithout + 名词 + 不定式结构“ withwithout + 名词 + 不定式”结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。 With
28、him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. 有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。 Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。EIt is + 形容词 + forof sb + to do 结构在“ It is +形容词 + of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, th
29、oughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty 等。在“ It is +形容词 +for sb +不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 Its kind of you to think so much of us.难为你这么为我们着想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.) 比较： It is good lf you to help me with my Englis
30、h.你真好，帮助我学英语。强调you 的特征 You are good to help me. It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。强调的是give up smoking 这一行为 Fof you to give up smoking is good.F分裂不定式动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to 和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。 He was too ill to completely carry out that program. 他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。 He has made up h
31、is mind to once more try this method.他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。G 用作独立成分的不定式有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 To be frank, I dont agree with what you said.坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。必背：用作独立成分的不定式 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to be frank坦率地说 to b
32、egin with 首先 to be brief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be exact 精确地说 to say nothing of 姑且不说 to conclude 总而言之 to be sure 诚然，固然 to do him justice 说句对他公正的话 so to speak 可以这么说 H用主动式表示被动含义的不定式动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：1不定式做后置定语，和被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 Do you have anythin
33、g to say on this question 针对这个问题你有什么要说的吗？ He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。2不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。3There be 结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担忧的。比较：
34、There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。表示某人必须做这工作 There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多事情要做。强调有许多事情必须做精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页6 I 表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式。 I hoped to have met him at the railway station, but he didnt turn up. 我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。 We would love to have gone to the
35、match, but the tickets were all sold out. 我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。J用于感慨句。不定式可用于感慨句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。 To think that he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出这等事！表示惊讶 Oh, God, to see her dance ! 哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！表示赞美 To think that all the money has been wasted. 想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！表示不满四、 关于不定式符号的几个问题A不带 to 的不定式 1 在口语中，动词原形come和
36、go 后可接不带to 的不定式。 Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。 Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。 2 在 why 引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+ 动词原形。 Why make so much noise为什么发出这么大的噪音？Why not join us为什么不加入我们？3在 had better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, would sooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后
37、直接跟动词原形或not + 动词原形。 Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.你最好听一听老师的意见。 She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。4如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except 或 but 之后的不定式可不带to 。 The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。 They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
38、 他们只能等待医生的到来。5在两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了防止重复，后面的不定式符号to 可省略。 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。6在 help 之后，既可用带to 的不定式也可用不带to 的不定式。 Can I help (to) carry the box for you 我帮你搬箱子，好吗？7在一些固定搭配中用不带to 的不定式。 He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。 I hear say there will be an earthquake soon. 我听说
39、不久就要有一次地震。 She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。8在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to 。 She watched the children cross the street. 她看着孩子们穿过了马路。B不定式符号的单独使用为了防止重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to 来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。 1 在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be
40、able to, be about to等。-Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor你认为我应该去看医生吗？ -Yes, I think you ought to.是的，我想你应该去。 2 在 want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。 You may go with them if you hope to.如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。 -Did you go to see the Great Wall你游览长城了吗？ -I wanted to, but I
41、was too busy.我本来想去的，但我太忙了。 3 在做宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。 Dont do anything unless your father tells you to.除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。 -May I use your car我可以用你的汽车吗？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 8 页7 -No, I forbid you to.不，我禁止你使用。
42、 4 在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。 -Will you lend me a hand你能帮我一个忙吗？ -Im willing to, but I cant now.我很愿意，但现在不行。 -Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？ -Ill be glad to. 我很乐意。提示：如果动词不定式是to be或 to have ，则一般不省。 - Did you finish t
43、he work 你的工作完成了吗？ - No, but I hoped to have. 没有，但我希望已经完成了。C介词 to 和不定式符号to to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to 也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing 形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有 to ，我们要正确判断to 是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。1 不定式符号to He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。必背：常见的带不定式符号to 的短语 be supposed to do应该做
44、某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 make up ones mind to do 决定做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事2 介词 to If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing
45、 to fear. 如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。 You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯早起。必背：常见的带介词to 的短语be used to 习惯 be equal to 胜任 be given to 沉溺于 be opposed to 反对 be related to 与有关 devote oneself to 献身于 get down to 着手做 give rise to 引起 lead to 导致 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 pay attention to 注意 put ones min
46、d to 全神贯注于stick to 坚持练习1. - Can you ride a horse? - No, I never had the chance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _. A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on 3. I ran too fast _ where I was going. A. to notice B. for me to notice
47、 C. to notice for me D. and notice 4. - Have you enjoyed your visit here? - Yes, Ill be very sorry_ . A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving 5. - Ill help you whenever you need me. - Good. Id like _me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help 6.
48、- I didnt hear you come in last night. - Thats good. We tried_ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still _. A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place C. a good place to live in D. living in as a g
49、ood place 8. - Why was the official meeting called? - _ new officers. A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting 9. - Where did he go? - He went to another store _. A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共
50、 8 页8 10. - My baby has a heart trouble. - Did the doctor find it difficult _ ? A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat 11. - Did the judge ask you many questions? - Yes, and _. A. they were difficult to be answered B. to answer them was to be difficult C. they were difficult to answe