2022年初中英语语法三大从句汇总 .pdf

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1、初中英语基本句型知识一简单句英语基本句型 -1 主系表结构 :本结构是由主语 +系动词 +表语组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。系动词有 : 1.表示特征和存在状态的be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tas

2、tes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. He was at work. She is in good health. It is beyond my ability. You are under arrest. 英语基本句型 -2 主谓结构: 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如:The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语 -定语,谓语可有修饰语 -状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in t

3、he east. 2. They had to travel by air or boat. 3. She sat there alone. 4. He came back when we were eating. 5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。英语基本句型 -3 主谓宾结构 :本结构是由主语 +及物的谓语动词 +宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如:1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow.精选学习资料 - -

4、 - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页3. They havent decided where to go next.4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 英语基本句型 -4 双宾语结构 :此结构由 “ 主语+及物谓语动词 +间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”组成。如: He brings me cookies every day. 但若要先说出直接宾语 (事物) ,后说间接宾语 (人) ,则要借助于介词to 或 for。如: He brings cookies to me ever

5、y day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用 to 侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用 for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有: (需借助to 的)bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask 等;(需借助 for 的) buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。

6、英语基本句型 -5 复合宾语结构 : 此结构由 “ 主语+及物的谓语动词 +宾语+宾语补足语 ” 构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点,若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。如: The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all stu

7、dents finish their homework on time. 用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如: I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 也可以说I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句,意思都是一样的。英语基本句型 -6 There be 句型: 此句型是由 “there + be+主语+状语” 构成,用以表达存在关系

8、可以称“ 有” 。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be 之后,精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页there 仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用 be动词, 而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等,但一般不用 have。如:There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其

9、后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:现在有there is/are 过去有there was/were 将来有there will be;there is /are going to be. 现在已经有there has/have been 可能有there might be. 肯定有there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有there used to be 似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be eg: Once, there liv

10、ed an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二并列句结构:1.由分号连接。eg. Some people cry; others laugh. Let s start early; we have a long way to go.2.由并列连词及词组连接 -and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ t

11、herefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both and/not only but also /as well as/or else/ eitheror /neithernor /not but 等。eg: I d like to, but I have lots of homework to do. I ve got a cold, so Im going to bed.Both my father and mother are teachers. It s very good, yet I dont like it.三、复合句精选学习资料 - - - -

12、 - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页构成:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是全局的主体 ,从句只是全句中的一个成分,不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的,引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。在英语中, 主要有三大从句,即 名词性从句 (包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句) 、形容词性从句 (即定语从句)、副词性从句(即 状语从句 ,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。一名词性从句A.主语从句1.that 从句做主语通常先行词 it 作形式主语放在句首,真正的主语置于句子末尾。

13、that(从属连词)有时可省略,尤其在口语中。主要类型:1)It + be + adj. + that 从句2)It + be + n. + that 从句3) It + be + V.ed + that 从句4) It + Vi.( 不及物动词 ) + that 从句此类型常见动词有: seem , happen ,occur,matter,appear等。Note:(1)有时 that从句作主语不采用现行it 结构,而是直接把 that 从句放在句首作主语(此时 that 不可省略),目的是:a.强调主语b.使句子结构前后平衡1.Wh-从句做主语1) Wh-从句做主语使也常采用先行it 结

14、构;2)Wh-从句也可以直接放在句首作主语。B.宾语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页宾语从句是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,这个句子被叫做宾语从句。宾语从句通常是介词或及物动词的宾语。1. 引导词1)由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel 等动词后。连词 that 只起连接作用,在从句子中不做句子的成分,也没有词汇意义,在口语中常常被省略,但在大多数情况下还是以不省为

15、好,特别是在书面语中。 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中,否定要前移。eg: I don t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对 ) it 做形式宾语(在带有复合宾语的句子中,that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面) 2) 由 if、 whether 引导的表示 “ 是否” 的宾语从句。(Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和 if 可以替换。 ) 只能用 whether 不用 if 的情形:(1)在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if 引导(2)宾语从句中有 or not 时

16、不用 if 引导. (3)和不定式连用作宾语时不用if 引导. 3) 由 wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, 和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中既有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。2. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即:连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分They wanted to know what they can do for us. 3. 宾语从句的时态精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页宾

17、语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去完成时态。例: 1) She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student. 2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3) She says that she has finished her homework

18、 already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4) She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 Could you tell me用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。例:Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum? Not

19、e: (1) 由陈述句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化。例:She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that_ . She asked me: “Do you like math?”She asked me _. (2) 宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句,如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时,可以用 “ 疑问词 +不定式 ” 做宾语的简单句结构。例:I want to discuss what I should do next. I want to discuss _. He didn t know

20、where he would live.He didn t know _. C.表语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 14 页表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,通常由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词 。名词性从句在 be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句。例如:That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) “

21、That is why.”是常用句型,意为“ 这就是 的原因 /因此” , 其中 why 引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,(1) “That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义, 只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why.”中 why 引导的是 个定语从句,将其中的 the reason去掉则与 “That is why.”结构一样,例如: That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。(2) “That is becaus

22、e.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“ 这就是为什么 / 因为” 。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于 “That is because.”指原因或理由,“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果,例如:He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句

23、话说明原因 ) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。 (第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果 ) D.同位语从句一般来说,在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有: advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, reply, proposal, repo

24、rt, suggestion, word (消息), problem, question, doubt, thought等。例如:They were delighted at the news that their team had won. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页Where did you get the idea that I could not come ?你从哪儿听说我不能来?有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:The thought came to him that

25、 Tom might have returned the book. 1) 引导词 : that, whether, who, what, where, how ,when 等。Eg: 1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2. He hasn t made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting. 4. I have n

26、o idea what the boy is doing in the next room now. 5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year. 6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be back NOTE: that引导同位语从句时无词义, 也不充当任何成分, 但通常不可以省略, 如句 1; whether引

27、导同位语从句时意为“ 是否” ,通常不能用 if 来代替 ,如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句,如句3, 4; 连接副词 where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句,如句 5,6,7。2) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. that的

28、功能不同: that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分; 而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略: that在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。二 形容词性从句(定语从句)定语从句

29、就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 14 页语从句又称作 形容词从句 。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作 关系从句 。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词 被称作先行词。1.关系代词 引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who(whom), that, which(of which),whose。(一)关系代词 who, whom 和 whose的用

30、法who 代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。eg:whom 代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。eg:whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。eg:(二)关系代词which的用法which 代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。(可以换成that)eg:(三)关系代词that 的用法that 既可指人又可指物(大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语( 可省略 )。eg:2.关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。(一)关系副词 when 的用法关系副词 when代

31、替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 14 页eg:(二)关系副词 where的用法关系副词 where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。eg:This is the place where Li Bai once lived. (where先行词是 place)上面这个句子不可以将where改为 that,因为 that 不能作为表示地点的关系副词。比较下句:This is the place that Li Bai once visited. (

32、that的先行词同样是place ,但这个 that 是关系代词,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,还可以用which 替换)(三)关系副词why的用法关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因,why 在定语从句作原因状语。eg:The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. (why 先行词是 reason , why 可以用 that 替代,这时关系代词that 就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why 省略)NOTE:如果上面的句子将the reason省略,那么这个句子就变成了 (

33、This is why he came late to school. )表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。3. 特殊关系代词 as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。(一)固定搭配asas, so as, such as, the same as中,as引导定语从句You may take as many books as you want. (第一个 as是副词,修饰 many 的;第二个 as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)I have got such a computer as yours. (as是关系代词, 代替

34、先行词 computer,在从句中作表语, 因为 yours后省略 is )我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词,代替先行词place ,在定语从句中作表语,因为Guilin 后省略了 is )精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 14 页(二)独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句As we know, the earth turns around the sun. As is known to us, (As we know 和 As is known to us 均为定语从句, as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主

35、句。)Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. (关系代词 as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。)4. 关系代词 who, which与 that 的区别(一)关系代词who与 that 的区别1) 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。eg:He who loses hope loses all. (先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one 等时,多用 who)I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. (在非限制性定语从句中,用wh

36、o)2) 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用 that。eg:The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. (介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格 who)note:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格 who,也可用 that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teache

37、r. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第 4 句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。3) 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。eg:He is a man that is never afraid o

38、f failure. (that用来泛指人)4) 当关系代词出现在who 开头的疑问句时,应用that。eg:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? (避免重复使用 who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 14 页(二)关系代词which与 that 的区别用 that 不用 which 的情形:1) 当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything等时;

39、eg:All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2) 当先行词前面有形容词最高级、 序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等时;eg:This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。3) 当关系代词出现在which 开头的疑问句时;eg:Which was the hotel that was recommended

40、to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆?(使用that 是为了避免重复 which)用 which 不用 that 的情形:4) 在非限制性定语从句中;eg:Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 5) 介词后;eg:She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 5. 定语从句的位置定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时

41、候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句 。eg:There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. (定语从句 who was shouting and crying修饰 the girl,被 upstairs所隔开)A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. (定语从句置于句末以示强调)三 副词性从句(状语从句)用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状

42、语从句。1.状语从句的种类1)时间状语从句 2)地点状语从句; 3)原因状语从句; (because, since, as和 for都表示原因。 because语势最强,回答why 提出的问题,用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 14 页很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因,就用 as或 since。 由 because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 )4)条件状语从句; 5)目的状语从句;(由 in or

43、der that, so that,等词引导) ;6)让步状语从句(由 though, although);7)比较状语从句; 8)程度状语从句;9)方式状语从句; 10)结果状语从句(常由 so.that 或 such.that引导 .such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组, so是副词 ,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little 连用,形成固定搭配) 2.状语从句的时态特点一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“ 一般现在时 ” 表示“ 一般将来时 ” ,用“ 现在完成时 ” 表示“ 将来完成时 ” 。3. 时间状语从句时间

44、状语从句: 是由 when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从属连词引导的状语从句。从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。1)由 when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。【when, while和 as的区别】when引导的从句动词可以是延续性的动词, 也可是瞬时动词。when有时表示 “ 就在那时 ” 。While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while 有时还可以表示对比。eg:While my wife

45、was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词, was reading和 was watching同时发生 ) As表示“ 一边 一边” ,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生; as也可以强调 “ 一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow. 当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)2)由 before和 after 引导的时间状语从句。note:before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并

46、且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成 “ 就,才” 。 After 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 14 页3)由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。4)由 since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但

47、在 It is 时间 since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。5)由 as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“ 一就” 。NOTE: hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于 as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当 hardly, scarcely, rarely和 no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。6)由 by the

48、 time引导的时间状语从句。7)由 each time, every time和 whenever引导的时间状语从句。8)由 as long as和 so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示 “ 有多久 就多久” 。4. 地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,EG:句型 1:Where地点从句,( there)主句。哪里哪里就 ” ;主句在从句后面时, there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。句型 2:Anywhere/ wherever地点从句,主句。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 14 页

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