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1、I. Reading PracticeText A Free Trade vs. Protectionism As with other theories, there are opposing views. Foreign trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with
2、 no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically. In contrast, protection
3、ism holds that regulation of foreign trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of foreign trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the m
4、ost common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market. (973 words) Words and Expressions 1 available veilbl adj. 可用的； 有空的； 可会见的； 2 exchange iksteind n. 交换； 交易； 3 sneaker sni:k n. 橡皮底帆布鞋； 4 expose ikspuz vt. 使暴露； 使遭受； 使曝光 5 spar
5、e sp n. 备用零件 6 currency krnsi n. 货币； 通用，流通 7 capital kpitl n. 资本； 资金； 8 specialization , spelaizen n. 特别化； 专门化； 9 comparative kmprtiv adj. 比较（上）的； 按比较估计的； 相当的 10 output autput n. 产量； 输出； 11 proportion prp:n n. 比，比率； 12 specifically spisifikli adv. 特有地，明确地 13 access kses vt. 接近，进入；14 maximize mks , m
6、aiz vt. 最大化，使（某事物）增至最大限度；15 efficiency ifinsi n. 效率，效能；16 asset set n. 资产，财产17 expertise , ekspti:z n. 专门知识或技能；18 gross grus adj. 总的；毛的；19 revenue revnju: n. （国家的）岁入，税收，（土地，财产等的）收入，收益，所得，（个人的）固定收入； 复数总收入；20 protectionism prteknizm n. 保护主义，贸易保护制度 21 hamper hmp vt. 妨碍，束缚，限制22 tariff trif n. 关税； 23 sub
7、sidy sbsidi n. 补贴； 津贴；24 quota kwut n. （正式限定的）定量，定额； 配额； 指标 Notes 1 Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology). 由于国家被赋予了不同的资产和自然资源（土地，劳动力，资本和技术） 2 However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute
8、advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. 根据国际贸易理论，即使一个国家拥有绝对优势，它仍然可以受益于专业化。 3 foreign direct investment (FDI) 外商直接投资 4 a laissez-faire approach 一种放任自流的方式 5 Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. 贸易保护主义以许多不同的形式存在，但
9、最常见的形式是关税，补贴和配额。ExercisesI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the passages.1 Which of the following things can be exchanged between countries in foreign trade?A goodsB raw materialsC servicesD both A and C2 Which of the following does NOT belong to services that
10、can be traded?A bankingB politicsC tourismD transportation3 What kind of effect could political change result?A result in an increase in the cost of labor, then decreasing the manufacturing costB result in a decrease in the cost of labor, then decreasing the manufacturing costC result in an increase
11、 in the cost of labor, then increasing the manufacturing costD result in a decrease in the cost of labor, then increasing the manufacturing cost4 Which are accounted for a countrys current account in the balance of payments?A importsB exportsC imports and exportsD imports, exports and entrepot5 Whic
12、h of the following does NOT belong to resources of global trade?A landB laborC capitalD technology6 Some countries could produce more by focusing on certain products with which they have a comparative advantage, this is known as _ in foreign trade.A globalizationB internationalizationC specializatio
13、nD categorization7 Which of the following statements are right?A Specialization increases their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.B Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods t
14、hey need.C Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore minimizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.D Specialization increases their opportunity cost and therefore minimizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need.8 As for FDI, which of the following statemen
15、ts are NOT right?A FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country.B FDI is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets.C FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.D FDI raises employment levels and, theo
16、retically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic product.9 Which of the following belongs to foreign trade theoryA Free TradeB ProtectionismC TraditionalismD both A and B10 Which of the following does NOT belong to the most common forms of protectionism?A tariffB subsidyC bonusD quotaII. Fill in th
17、e blanks with the words given blow. Change the form where necessary. available exchange expose currency capital comparative output efficiency revenue hamper 1 Government statistics show the largest drop in industrial _ for ten years. 2 Tourism is the countrys top earner of foreign _. 3 The bad weath
18、er_ rescue operations. 4 There are many ways to increase agricultural _ in the poorer areas of the world. 5 Im going to go on an _ visit to Paris. 6 The task was accomplished with _ ease. 7 After the scandal was_, Dr Bailey committed suicide. 8 One study said the government would gain about $12 bill
19、ion in tax _ over five years. 9 There are three small boats_ for hire. 10 Companies are having difficulty in raising _. Text B Introduction Most of countries in the world pay much to foreign trade. Can you summarize the importance of foreign trade? Now, you can read the text to find out what are wri
20、ters opinions about the importance of foreign trade. Then, you can compare if you and the writer share the same opinions.Importance of Foreign Trade Foreign trade is nothing but trade between the different countries of the world. It is also called as International trade, External trade or Inter-Regi
21、onal trade. It consists of imports, exports and entrepot. The inflow of goods in a country is called import trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called export trade. Many times goods are imported for the purpose of re-export after some processing operations. This is called entrepot trade
22、. Foreign trade basically takes place for mutual satisfaction of wants and utilities of resources. Three Types of Foreign Trade Foreign Trade can be divided into following three groups : 1 Import Trade : Import trade refers to purchase of goods by one country from another country or inflow of goods
23、and services from foreign country to home country. 2 Export Trade : Export trade refers to the sale of goods by one country to another country or outflow of goods from home country to foreign country. 3 Entrepot Trade : Entrepot trade is also known as Re-export. It refers to purchase of goods from o
24、ne country and then selling them to another country after some processing operations. Importance of Foreign Trade Following points explain the need and importance of foreign trade to a nation. 1. Division of labor and specialization Foreign trade leads to division of labor and specialization at the
25、world level. Some countries have abundant natural resources. They should export raw materials and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. This gives benefits to all the countries and thereby leading to division of labor and specialization. 2. Optimum allocation a
26、nd utilization of resources Due to specialization, unproductive lines can be eliminated and wastage of resources avoided. In other words, resources are channelized for the production of only those goods which would give highest returns. Thus there is rational allocation and utilization of resources
27、at the international level due to foreign trade. 3. Equality of prices Prices can be stabilized by foreign trade. It helps to keep the demand and supply position stable, which in turn stabilizes the prices, making allowances for transport and other marketing expenses. 4. Availability of multiple cho
28、ices Foreign trade helps in providing a better choice to the consumers. It helps in making available new varieties to consumers all over the world. 5. Ensures quality and standard goods Foreign trade is highly competitive. To maintain and increase the demand for goods, the exporting countries have t
29、o keep up the quality of goods. Thus quality and standardized goods are produced. 6. Raises standard of living of the people Imports can facilitate standard of living of the people. This is because people can have a choice of new and better varieties of goods and services. By consuming new and bette
30、r varieties of goods, people can improve their standard of living. 7. Generate employment opportunities Foreign trade helps in generating employment opportunities, by increasing the mobility of labor and resources. It generates direct employment in import sector and indirect employment in other sect
31、or of the economy. Such as Industry, Service Sector (insurance, banking, transport, communication), etc. 8. Facilitate economic development Imports facilitate economic development of a nation. This is because with the import of capital goods and technology, a country can generate growth in all secto
32、rs of the economy, i.e. agriculture, industry and service sector. 9. Assistance during natural calamities During natural calamities such as earthquakes, floods, famines, etc., the affected countries face the problem of shortage of essential goods. Foreign trade enables a country to import food grain
33、s and medicines from other countries to help the affected people. 10. Maintains balance of payment position Every country has to maintain its balance of payment position. Since, every country has to import, which results in outflow of foreign exchange, it also deals in export for the inflow of forei
34、gn exchange. 11. Brings reputation and helps earn goodwill A country which is involved in exports earns goodwill in the international market. For example, Japan has earned a lot of goodwill in foreign markets due to its exports of quality electronic goods. 12. Promotes World Peace Foreign trade brin
35、gs countries closer. It facilitates transfer of technology and other assistance from developed countries to developing countries. It brings different countries closer due to economic relations arising out of trade agreements. Thus, foreign trade creates a friendly atmosphere for avoiding wars and co
36、nflicts. It promotes world peace as such countries try to maintain friendly relations among themselves. (750 words)Words and Expressions 1 entrepot ntrpu n. 转口，转口港 2 inflow influ n. 流入，注入 3 outflow autflu n. 流出； 流出物； 流出量 4 processing pru sesi n. 处理； 整理； 配置；加工 5 abundant bndnt adj. 大量的，充足的； 丰富的 6 opt
37、imum ptimm adj. 最优的；最佳的；最适宜的 7 unproductive npr dktiv adj.没有产物的，没有收益的，徒然的，没有效果的 8 channelise tnlaiz v. 使形成沟渠，疏导9 utilization ju:tilai zein n. 利用，使用，效用 10 stabilise steiblaiz vt. （使）稳定，（使）稳固； 使稳定平衡11 availability veil biliti n. 可利用性； 可得到的东西（或人）12 standardise stnddaiz vt. 使标准化； 用标准校检 13 generate denre
38、it vt. 形成，造成； 产生物理反应； 产生（后代）； 引起14 calamity k lmiti n. 灾祸，灾难； 不幸之事； 困苦； 不幸 15 famine fmin n. 饥荒； 饥饿； 极度缺乏 16 goodwill gud wil n. 友好，亲善； 好感，青睐； （企业的）信誉，声誉 Notes1 It is also called as International trade, External trade or Inter-Regional trade. 它也可称为国际贸易，外部贸易或者地区间贸易。2 They should export raw materials
39、and import finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. 他们应该出口原材料，从拥有熟练劳动力的国家进口成品。3 Due to specialization, unproductive lines can be eliminated and wastage of resources avoided.由于专业化，无收益的生产线被淘汰，也避免了资源浪费。4 Thus there is rational allocation and utilization of resources at the
40、international level due to foreign trade.由于对外贸易，而能在国际层面上合理分配和利用资源。5 It brings different countries closer due to economic relations arising out of trade agreements. 由于贸易协定而产生的经济关系使得不同的国家联系得更加紧密。Exercises I. Tell whether each of the following statements is true( )or false( ) according to the text. ( )
41、 1. Foreign trade is composed of International trade, External trade or Inter-Regional trade. ( ) 2. The inflow of goods in a country is called export trade whereas outflow of goods from a country is called import trade. ( ) 3. Many times goods are imported for the purpose of re-export after some pr
42、ocessing operations. This is called entrepot trade. ( ) 4. Export trade refers to purchase of goods by one country from another country or inflow of goods and services from foreign country to home country. ( ) 5. Entrepot trade is also known as Re-export. It refers to purchase of goods from one coun
43、try and then selling them to another country after some processing operations. ( ) 6. They should import raw materials and export finished goods from countries which are advanced in skilled manpower. ( ) 7. Due to specialization, productive lines can be eliminated and wastage of resources avoided. (
44、 ) 8. Foreign trade helps in providing a better choice to the consumers. ( ) 9. Not every country has to maintain its balance of payment position. ( ) 10. A country which is involved in exports earns goodwill in the international market. II. Complete the following sentences with one or two words acc
45、ording to the text without reading back. 1 The Employment Minister said the reforms would _ new jobs. 2 Aim to do some physical activity three times a week for _ health. 3 We do not want to lose the _built up over 175 years. 4 America sent cotton to England for _. 5 Research workers are well aware t
46、hat much of their time and effort is _. 6 Although her illness is serious, her condition is beginning to _. 7 Thousands of refugees are trapped by war and _. 8 There is an _supply of cheap labor. 9 He described drugs as the greatest _of the age. 10 He feels _education does not benefit those children
47、 who are either below or above average intelligence. Text c Introduction As everyone knows, China has changed greatly since reform and opening up. How about Chinas foreign trade? Now, read the text carefully and find out what kinds of changes has Chinas foreign trade made? Chinas Foreign Trade Durin
48、g the Tenth Five-Year Planning, foreign trade of China maintained a rapid development, and strategies of rejuvenating foreign trade through science and technology, winning by quality and going global made new progresses. The gradual improvement of structure of foreign trade, quality and efficiency m
49、ade an outstanding contribution to the economic and social development. 1, Imports and exports developed with a high speed. During the Tenth Five-Year Planning, Chinas foreign trade went to a new stage and accomplished a historical leap, established the place of a big trading country. From 2001 to 2
50、005, the annual average increase rate of foreign trade was 24.6%, the highest record of foreign trade development since the reform and opening up and much higher than that of global trade and of Chinese economy in the same period. Imports and exports in 2004 broke through US$1 trillion and amounted