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1、功能：在句子能做主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语和状语, 但不能单独做谓语. 一：作主语1.Playing basketball is very interesting .2.Surfing the Internet can help people feel less lonely.3.His coming gave us great encouragement.4. Being late for school is bad habit.5.Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.还
2、可以用it作为形式主语。It is no good playing games on line.It is no use saying without action.It is great fun walking along the river .It is a waste of time playing the online game.It is worthwhile attending the social activity.二作宾语：1.He enjoys playing the guitar. 2.Her sister is fond of swimming .3.we couldnt
3、 help crying on hearing the news.三作定语： 1.Keep quiet in the reading room，please.2.The boy playing guitar on the stage is my neighbour.3.He received an e-mail asking for advice on how to learn English. 4. The call saying you have won the first prize is telephone cheat.5.There was a notice on the board
4、 ,saying the meeting had been cancelled.6.Actually, it is quite normal for people living in a city to see thousands of ads every day.四作宾语补足语：（V+宾+doing）1.We saw the sun rising from the east when we stood on the hill. 2.I didnt notice him sleeping in bed. 3. He suddenly woke up at midnight when he he
5、ard someone knocking his door.可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有感官动词see, watch, hear, listen to, notice , observe, feel, find,catch 和使役动词 have, keep, get, leave等。五作表语（解释主语的内容）1.Our job is cleaning all the rooms everyday.2.My hobby is playing football after class.3.The secret to his success is learning from his failures
6、.六作状语doing sth.作时间状语：1.Crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.（=When he was crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.）2.(When) Hearing the news, he got frightened.（= When he heard the news, he got frightened.）doing sth.作原因状语：1.Being a teacher，you should help your st
7、udents in every way.2.Being poor, he couldnt afford a TV set. 3.Not knowing her address, I cant write to her.doing sth.作结果状语：1.He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry. 2.The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. 3.Her husband died ten years ago, leaving thre
8、e children to look after.4.The naughty boy threw his toys on the floor, breaking them into pieces.5.The milkman crashed into the stone,spilling the milk everywhere.6. There was a big fire in a 24-story apartment building last night, resulting in at least 100 deaths.1.when_(cross) the road, the old m
9、an was knocked over by a car.2._（ hear)the bad news, he got frightened.3._(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018天津)4.Not _(know)her address, I cant write to her.5.The child slipped and fell, _(hit) his head against the door. crossingHearingTravelingknowingh
10、itting6.He comes home late every evening, _ (make) his wife very angry. 7.Her husband died ten years ago, _ (leave)her with three children to look after.8.The naughty boy threw his toys on the ground, _(break) them into pieces.9.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds _(s
11、urround) the mountain tops , he was reduced to tears.(2020全国)10.I didnt notice the baby_(lie) in bed. makingleavingbreakingsurroundinglying12.If _（play）games all day, you will waste your valuable time and you must regret it sooner or later.11. We shouldnt leave water _(run) all the time when we are
12、brushing teeth.runningplaying13.Once caught_( steal) at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately.14.The teacher kept the student_ (stand) outside of the classroom because of his being late.15._(learn) to think critically is an important skill todays children will need for the future.(2019天津)stand
13、ing stealingLearning 16.Newly-built wooden cottages line the street ,_(turn) the old town into a dreamland.（北京） 17.There is a temple _(stand)on the top of the hill,which attracts many tourists everyday.18. Nervously_(face) challenges,I know I will whisper to myself the two words “Be yourself”（北京）19.
14、A city is the product of of the human hand and mind,_(reflect) mans intelligence and creativity.(江苏)20. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment ,_(allow) more patients to be treated.standingfacingreflectingallowingturning21. _ (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. (2022全国1）22. He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xian to Kashgar on Sept. 20, _ (plan) to hike back to Xian in five months.(2022全国甲）Coveringplanning