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1、国家开放大学学位英语考试复习-人文英语（4）阅读练习及参考答案（学位）-正文内容开始- 学位英语人文（4）阅读练习 （1） Television broadcasting started in the United Kingdom in 1936 as a public service free of advertising. Now there is a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 chan
2、nels for consumers as well as on-demand content. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing. On October 24, 2022, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom were in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial means, satellite and cable as well as o
3、ver IP. In 1953 the Conservative Government introduced a bill to make arrangements for commercial television. This was opposed very strongly by the Labor and Liberal Parties, but the bill was passed and commercial television now flourishes. The Independent Television Act created an Independent Telev
4、ision Authority, which exercises general supervision. One disadvantage of the present system is that the BBC and Independent Television often both put out programs of the same type at the same time. This forces the viewer to choose between two similar things but not two entirely different forms of e
5、ntertainment. In the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, any household watching or recording live television transmissions as they are being broadcast (terrestrial, satellite, cable, or internet) is required to hold a television license. Since April 1, 2022 the annual license fee has been 145
6、.50 for color and 49.00 for black and white. Thus, the license fee made up the bulk of the BBCs total income of 5.102 billion in 20222022. 1. This passage is mainly about _. A. the system of British TV B. the broadcasting means of British TV C. the content of British TV D. the development of British
7、 TV 2. In 1936 television broadcasting in the United Kingdom was _. A. a public service with advertisement B. a public service without advertisement C. in a digital format D. broadcasted via a variety of means 3. What does the word “opposed” in Para. 1 mean? A. It means “agreed”. B. It means “demand
8、ed”. C. It means “approved”. D. It means “disapproved”. 4. The commercial television is supervised by _. A. the Conservative Government B. the Labor and Liberal Parties C. The Independent Television Act D. Independent Television Authority 5. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the
9、text? A. The BBC and Independent Television offer two entirely different forms of entertainment. B. The license fee in 20222022 was 5.102 billion. C. Viewers should hold a television license to watch or record live television transmissions. D. All broadcasting channels are owned by six companies. （2
10、） Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit. Teenagers dodge security guards to put their names on trains and buses. But over the past decade, graffiti has all but disappeared from Britains cities. Between 2022 and 2022 the number of incidents of graffiti recorded by the British Transpo
11、rt Police fell by 63%. A survey by the Environment Ministry shows that fewer places are blighted by tags than ever. Graffiti are increasingly confined to sanctioned walls, such as the Stockwell Ball Courts. In time the practice may die out entirely. The most obvious reason for the decline in tagging
12、 and train-painting is better policing. Numerous CCTV cameras mean it is harder to get away with painting illegally. And punishments are more severe. A generational shift is apparent, too. Fewer teenagers are getting into painting walls. They prefer to play with iPads and video games. Some have gone
13、 to art school and want to make money from their paintings. The Internet means that painters can win far more attention by posting pictures online than they can by breaking into a railway yard. Taggers and graffiti artists mostly grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. Those men and almost all men are now o
14、lder and less willing to take risks. Graffiti may eventually disappear. But for now the hobby is almost respectable. The former graffiti artists paint abandoned warehouses during the weekend. It has become something to do on a Sunday afternoon a slightly healthier alternative to sitting and watching
15、 football. 1. Graffiti painting is traditionally an activity pursued by _. A. teenagersB. menC. security guardsD. police 2. The incidents of graffiti painting are _ in British cities in recent years. A. increasingB. confinedC. declining D. growing 3. What does the word “dodge” in Para. 1 mean? A. It
16、 means “avoid”. B. It means “welcome”. C. It means “get along with”.C. It means “negotiate with”. 4. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the text? A. Teenagers are not afraid of being caught by security guards when they put their names on trains and buses. B. Graffiti has disappear
17、ed from Britains cities completely. C. Taggers and graffiti artists are still willing to take risks. D. Because of better policing graffiti decreases. 5. Less teenagers are getting into graffiti painting because _. A. Graffiti painting is illegal. B. Graffiti painting is confined to sanctioned walls
18、. C. They have shifted their attention to iPads, video games and art school. D. Graffiti painting is a daredevil pursuit. （3） Education and academic quality can mean different things to different people, depending on their perspective, role and context and, in part because of this, quality is notori
19、ously difficult to evaluate. The question of how to do this has been pursued for many years. Nevertheless, the goal of improving educational quality is agreed by all and stimulated further by the recent worldwide economic downturn and the need to counteract the impact of the crisis on economic growt
20、h and prepare for economic recovery. As the World Bank and UNESCO said 10 years ago: “The quality of knowledge generated within higher education institutions, and its availability to the wider economy, is becoming increasingly critical to national competitiveness.” They also rightly emphasized that
21、“A strong research system at the national level opens up the possibility that substantial additional public benefits can be realized through international links.” This is precisely why Chinese students and academics should contribute to these global benefits, reforming and improving evaluation syste
22、ms for educational and academic quality. Original and good research, especially in science, economics and social sciences, has a trickle-down effect on society. And it offers additional benefits even without international links, though international collaboration and exchange of the best evaluation
23、policy and practice can bring substantial advantages to all partners in relation to lessons learned elsewhere. 1. People may look at education and academic quality _ because of their background. A. differentlyB. indifferently C. notoriouslyD. rightly 2. This passage may have been written when where
24、was a(n) _. A. educational evaluationB. rapid education growth C. global economic crisis D. economic growth 3. The World Bank and UNESCO called for governments to encourage _. A. actions to prepare for educational evaluations B. people to view educational quality differently C. international links s
25、hould be set up D. strong national research systems to be set up 4. Chinese students and academics are encouraged to make contributions to_ A. increasing national competitiveness B. improving evaluation systems C. bringing substantial advantages D. original and good research 5. Which of the followin
26、g statement is NOT true according to the text? A. Education quality is hard to evaluate. B. International collaboration and exchange of the best evaluation policy and practice can bring substantial advantages. C. According to the passage, we should improve international cooperation on research and e
27、valuation. D. The quality of knowledge is becoming less critical to national competitiveness. (4) Charity is a concept which dates back to Biblical times, when helping the poor was something that rich people basically did to make themselves feel good. Social work has its roots in charity, as it orig
28、inally began around the time of the industrial revolution when there were many poor people and society was seeking a way of dealing with the poor and social problems. Although social work began as charity work, it has expanded a lot and needs to be seen from a completely different perspective. Moder
29、n-day social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with the problems arising from various types of “social fear” (“social phobias”) and discrimination such as sexism, racism, and discrimination against an individual due to his age, or mental or physical disabilities.
30、 Social workers deal with the consequences of these discriminations as well as consequences that arise from sexual abuse, drug abuse, and various other problems. Social work provides an important service to society. Individuals and families in need of help are the focus of it, and are referred to as
31、 clients. Social workers help clients live a productive life in their own community. In order to reach this goal, they often enlist the assistance of family members, relatives, local religious leaders, and other influential members of the community. Although institutionalization may be necessary at
32、times, it is a temporary solution. Social workers usually serve in the front line, and reach out to the clients soon after problems occur. The goal is to help clients return to normal life in a natural setting. 1. Which is the best title for the passage? A. History of Charity B. History of Social Wo
33、rk C. Social Work and Social Worker D. Social Work and Charity Work 2. What does “it” refer to in the first paragraph? A. social work B. charity C. root D. the industrial revolution 3. When did social work begin? A. Biblical times B. a long time ago C. the industrial revolution D. modern day 4. Mode
34、rn-day social work deals with the following problems except _. A. povertyB. racismC. drug abuse D. education 5. Which statement about social work is NOT true? A. Social work deals with poverty and its subsequent problems. B. Social work arises from charity. C. In order to help clients live a product
35、ive life, social workers can turn to the assistance of family members. D. Social work is that the rich people want to help the poor people. (5) Respondent: Peoples Hospital Address: No. 1, Binhai Road, Binhai City The following answer is given to Zhang Huas claim for personal-injury compensation by
36、the Peoples Hospital: 1. The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with Zhang Hua. Zhang Hua had an oral contract to remove the high-voltage meter cabinet with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company on June 10, 2022. He was assigned by Binhai No. 2 Construction and I
37、nstallation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent. 2. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua for the following reasons. Firstly, according to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations, Binhai
38、 No. 2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for any injury employees suffered in the contract performance. Secondly, Zhang Hua seriously violated the operational procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto. 3. The respondent shal
39、l not be responsible for compensating the injuries of Zhang Hua. According to the General Principles of the Civil Law, any person engaged in highly dangerous operations shall be responsible for compensation. In this case, the respondent entered into a contract with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Inst
40、allation Company, whereby the source of high danger shifted to Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation, and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by Binhai No. 2 Constructi
41、on and Installation Company have no connection with the respondent. Therefore, Peoples Hospital is not liable for compensating the defendant. We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiffs action according to law. To: Binhai City Intermediate Peoples Court Respondent: Binhai Peoples Court Date
42、: May 10, 2022 1. The letter is written by _. A. Binhai City Intermediate Peoples Court B. Binhai Peoples Court C. Peoples Hospital D. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company 2. According to the plaintiff, _ should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua. A. Binhai City Intermediate Peo
43、ples Court B. Binhai Peoples Court C. Peoples Hospital D. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company 3. What does the word “oral” in Para. 2 mean? A. written B. spoken C. legal D. illegal 4. Which statement is TRUE according to the text? A. The respondent has a direct contract with Binhai No
44、. 2 Construction and Installation Company. B. The respondent has a direct contract with Zhang Hua. C. Zhang Hua shouldnt bear any responsibility for his injuries. D. Peoples Hospital should be responsible for Zhang Huas injuries. 5. Zhang Huas claim was _ by the respondent. A. acceptedB. agreedC. de
45、fended D. rejected (6) Hourly billing is the best way to be charged for legal services. About 95 percent of lawyers still perform their legal work on an hourly basis. If you want something better than the old “bill by the hour” deal, try presenting one of these billing structures. Project billing fo
46、r routine issues If your legal needs include large but repetitive tasks, consider a flat-fee approach. Once you get a project billing estimate, dont hesitate to shop around to compare prices and services with other law firms. A firm may provide a better deal if it expects future work from your company. Results-orie