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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date句子成分和简单句五个基本句型初高中衔接教学之三 句子成分和简单句五个基本句型一、 句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 句子成分常 用 词 性主语名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句谓语动词宾语名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和宾语从句表语名词、代词、形容词、分
2、词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句定语形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式、动名词、介词短语和定语从句状语副词、副词性词组、介词短语、不定式 、分词、名词和状语从句宾补名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句同位语名词 等（一）主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） 2.We often speak Engl
3、ish in class.（代词）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）6.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）8. It is necessary to maste
4、r a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（二）谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.（三）表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词
5、（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order
6、.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（四）宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old
7、 with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor.（五）宾语补足语（宾补）英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以
8、外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make等+宾语+宾补）。 His father named him Dongdong.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We wil
9、l soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）(六）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。Hangzhou is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）His progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first
10、 to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the
11、 national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a plane model.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类1. How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）3. I shall go there if it doesnt ra
12、in.（条件状语）4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）9. She works ver
13、y hard though she is old.（让步状语）10.I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（八）同位语一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.He himself told me that his brother is a doctor. 二、句子种类 两
14、种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：（1）陈述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.（2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? （3）祈使句 Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class（4）感叹句 How clever the boy is!按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个
15、谓语（或并列谓语）。He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：
16、名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连
17、词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.三、简单句的五种基本句型（1）SV（主语谓语）W
18、e work.（2）SVP（主语谓语/系动词表语）He is a student.（3）SVO（主语谓语宾语）Writing makes an exact man（4）SVOO（主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语）My father bought me a car.（5）SVOOC（主语谓语宾语宾补）That news made her happy注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 基本句型一：主谓 SVi (动词为不及物动词和不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。)1.The sun is rising.2.Ill try.3.The engine bro
19、ke down. 4.Did you sleep well？ (well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)基本句型二：主系表 SVP(动词是系动词，划线部分为表语。)1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词)3.She remained standing for an hour.(现在分词)4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词)5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语)6.The television was on.(副词)7.His
20、plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式)8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词)9.The question is what you want to do.(表语从句)常见系动词：be, become, get, remain, turn, seem, stay, grow，look ,sound, feel, smell, taste, go, appear, run基本句型三：主谓宾 SVO (动词为及物动词vt，划线部分为宾语。)1.Do you know these people ？(名词或代词做宾语)2.I cant
21、express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4.We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词做宾语)6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(宾语从句)基本句型四：主谓宾宾 SVOO (间接宾语和直接宾语有三种情况。)1. 间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。He handed me a letter.He handed a l
22、etter to me.2. 间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。She sang us a folk song.She sang a folksong for us.3. 直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。Tell him Im out.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？基本句型五：主谓宾宾补 SVOOC (宾语和宾补一起被称做复合宾语。)1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)2.They called their daughter Mary.(名词)3.This placed her in a very diff
23、icult position.(介词短语)4.We thought him to be an honest man. (to be)5.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词)7.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词)1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.注意：在这个结构中，可以用it做形式宾语，把真正的宾语放在后面。2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that
24、 you should stay with us是真正的宾语 Eg 1: “在汤姆获释之前，他给妻子写了一封信，问她是否愿意让他去。”第一步: 把句子缩小到只剩主要成分.“汤姆写了一封信”。He wrote a letter第二步: 增加修饰成分，扩大句子。“汤姆给妻子写了一封信”。He wrote a letter to his wife第三步: 再扩大句子。“就在汤姆获释之前，他给妻子写了封信”。Just before he was released from jail，he wrote a letter to his wife第四步: 再扩大句子，直至完整.就在汤姆获释之前，他给妻子写了
25、一封信，问她是否愿意让他回去。” Just before he was released from jail，he wrote a letter to his wife asking if she would have him backEg2 : 老人读完信后失望之极，竟用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。1. 老人失望。2. 老人读完信后失望。3. 老人读完信后失望之极，竟用手指把它撕得粉碎。4. 老人读完信后失望之极，竟用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。5. The old man was disappointed6. After reading the letter the old man was disappointed7. After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits8. After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore the letter into little bits with his trembling fingers-