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1、1 目录目录CONTENTS第一讲 句子成分和简单句五种基本句型0102精彩纷呈的8 大句子成分主语|谓语|宾语|表语|定语|状语|补足语|同位语 各具特色的五种基本句型基本句式一：SV（主+谓）基本句式二：SVP（主+系+表）基本句式三：SVO（主+谓+宾）基本句式四：SVOO（主+谓+间宾+直宾）基本句式五：SVOC（主+谓+宾+宾补）I.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上II.指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式III.用五种基本句式翻译句子IV.语法填空V.短文改错03针对训练21PART ONE精彩纷呈的8大句子成分3 目录一、主语动作的发出者或描述说明的对象在句子中，主语是谓语所表示
2、的动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后；祈使句通常省略主语you。能够充当主语的有：名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和主语从句等。New members will receive extra guidance on Saturday mornings from 9：00 am to 11：00 am.(2017 全国卷 书面表达)每周六上午9 点到11 点新成员将会得到额外的指导。(名词短语作主语)Mastering a foreign language will be o
3、f great help in our life.掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有被宣布。(从句作主语)名师指津当主语为从句或不定式短语等时，为避免头重脚轻，常用it 作形式主语。Its a pity that you wont come to my birthday party.很遗憾你不能参加我的生日晚会。(代词it充当形式主语，that引导主语从句)4 目录二、谓语主语的动作或具有的特征和状态谓语用来说明主
4、语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。(动词作谓语)When he got up at 7：00 am，a big plan occurred to him.他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词短语作谓语)2复合谓语(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。In this exhibition，you can see papercutting with all kinds of patterns.(2017
5、全国卷书面表达)在这次展览中，你可以看到各式各样的剪纸。(“情态动词实义动词”作谓语)It will start from June 15th and last for three weeks.(2016 全国卷 书面表达)(摄影展)将于六月十五日开始，持续三周。(“助动词实义动词”作谓语)5 目录二、谓语主语的动作或具有的特征和状态(2)由系动词加表语构成。Your art skills are excellent and admirable，which leaves me a deep impression.(2016 天津卷 书面表达)你的艺术技能非常优秀、令人赞赏，这给我留下了深刻的印
6、象。(系表结构作谓语)6 目录三、宾语动作的对象或承受者宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句等。宾语的构成如下：1单宾语 Ive already written the application and personal resume.(2016 全国卷 书面表达)我已经写了申请书和个人简历。(名词短语作宾语)I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.(2015 浙江卷 书面表达)我设法说服我的同学们接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)2双
7、宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。(herself 为间接宾语；a new dress 为直接宾语)7 目录三、宾语动作的对象或承受者3复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets.医生经常建议我们多注意饮食。(us 为宾语；to pay more attention to our diets 为宾语补足语)8 目录四、表语主语的身份、特征或状态表语一般位于系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。可以用作表语的有：名
8、词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。Papercutting is a traditional art form in China.(2017 全国卷 书面表达)剪纸是一种中国传统艺术形式。(名词短语作表语)He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。(形容词作表语)9 目录五、定语名词或代词的修饰语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。单个单词作定语通常位于被修饰的成分前，而短语或从句作定语时，则要放在被修饰的成分之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副
9、词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。(形容词作定语)Athletes from our school team have won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years.(2017 全国卷 书面表达)最近几年我们校队的运动员赢得了很多乒乓球比赛的金牌。(介词短语作定语)The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买
10、的钢笔。(定语从句作定语)The temperature today is 8，so youd better put on more clothes.今天的气温是零下八摄氏度，因此你最好多穿些衣服。(副词作定语)10 目录六、状语动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：状语通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句首或句尾。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立
11、主格和从句等。Actually I am very fond of Tang poems.(2017 全国卷 书面表达)实际上我非常喜欢唐诗。(副词作状语修饰全句)The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)To make his dream come true，Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想，汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。(不定式作状语修饰全句)11 目录七、补足语宾语或主语的补充说明在主动语态的句子中，一些及物动词的宾语需
12、要在其后加上一个补足语，对其作进一步补充说明，这样意思才能够完整和明确，该补足语叫做宾语补足语，宾语及其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。在被动语态中补充说明主语的成分叫做主语补足语。能够充当补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。Well try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)To his surprise，Jack found his son dressed as Santa Claus on Christm
13、as Eve.使杰克惊讶的是，他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。(过去分词短语作宾补)We were warned not to cheat again or she would tell our parents.我们被警告不要再一次作弊，否则她会通知我们的父母。(不定式作主补)12 目录八、同位语名词或代词的解释说明同位语是一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。(students 是we 的同位语，都是指学生)
14、The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。(同位语从句作同位语，解释说明thought)132PART TWO各具特色的五种基本句型14 目录英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下：1S V(主谓)2S V P(主系表)3S V O(主谓宾)4S V O O(主谓间宾直宾)5S V O C(主谓宾宾补)15 目录基本句式一：S V(主谓)该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词为不及物动
15、词(短语)，能表达完整的意思，但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。We will learn from 8：00 am to 10：00 am.(2017 全国卷 书面表达)我们将要从上午8 点至10 点学习。In order to keep fit，we should exercise regularly.为了保持健康，我们应该经常锻炼。16 目录基本句式二：S V P(主系表)该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词亦称连系动词。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后面必须跟表
16、语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下：1 状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词。He is a teacher.他是一名教师。2 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay 等。This matter remains a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3 表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look 等。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心。17 目录基本句式二：S V P(主系表)4 感官系动词感官系动词主要有look，feel，smell，sound，
17、taste 等。This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。5 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go 等。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就变富了。6 终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。18 目录基本句式二：S V P(主系表)名师指津使用系动词时要注意：(1)其后常接形容词作表语。试比较：T
18、he food tastes quite delicious.这种食物品尝起来很美味。The chef is tasting the fish carefully.厨师长正在认真品尝这道鱼。注意：在第一句中，taste作系动词，后面接形容词作表语。在第二句中，taste作实义动词，可以使用进行时，并且后面接副词作状语。(2)英语中某些动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态；而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。The apple is tasted good.()The apple tastes good.()注意：因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态。
19、19 目录基本句式三：S V O(主谓宾)该句型的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实际意义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟上一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语，构成主谓宾结构。He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮助他们。He admitted that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。As an outgoing girl，I get along well with my classmates.作为一个外向的女孩，我和同学们相处得很好。20 目录基本句式四：S
20、 V O O(主谓间宾直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；另一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词间接宾语直接宾语。I showed him my pictures.我给他看了我的照片。She cookedher husbanda delicious meal.她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。He taughtme how to run the machine.他教我如何开机器。名师指津双宾语结构有时可以用for 或to 进行替换，如上面第一、二句可以改为：I showedmy pictures to him.She cookeda de
21、licious meal for her husband.21 目录基本句式五：S V O C(主谓宾宾补)该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式：1 名词/代词宾格名词The war madehim a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士。2 名词/代词宾格形容词New methods makethe job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松。3 名词/代词宾格介词短语I often findhim at work.我经
22、常发现他在工作。22 目录基本句式五：S V O C(主谓宾宾补)该句型的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式：4 名词/代词宾格动词不定式The teacher asked the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。5 名词/代词宾格现在分词I sawa cat running across the road.我看见一只猫正跑过马路。6 名词/代词宾格过去分词I sawthe boy
23、 taken away by two men.我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。23针对训练24 目录.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上1 You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.宾语_2 Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.直接宾语_；间接宾语_3 Soon they all became interested in the subject.表语_4 The man downstairs was trying to sleep.定语_5 The man on the moto
24、rbike was travelling too fast.定语_your pronunciationhistoryusinteresteddownstairson the motorbike25 目录.按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上6 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the readingroom.宾语补足语_7 You will find it useful after you leave school.宾语补足语_8 Every night he heard the noise upstairs.状语
25、_9 I am afraid that if youve lost it，you must pay for it.状语_10 Carol，an American teacher，will come to our school.同位语_to read newspapers and booksusefulevery nightif youve lost itan American teacher26 目录.指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式1 To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2 Tom didnt do
26、his homework yesterday.3 Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?4 The days get longer and longer when summer comes.5 My father bought a new bike for me last week.6 They found the house decorated with beautiful flowers.7 They arrived here at 10：00 yesterday morning.8 The old
27、man sitting at the gate said he was ill.A S V(主谓)B S V P(主系表)C S V O(主谓宾)D S V O O(主谓间宾直宾)E S V O C(主谓宾宾补)BCEBDEAC27 目录.用五种基本句式翻译句子1 在这种环境下，师生们正生活快乐，工作努力。(S V)2 在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(S V P)3 现在，在中学课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。(S V P)4 最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(S V O)In the environment，teachers and students are living hap
28、pily and working hard.In my opinion，a person without friends will never be happy.Nowadays，afterclass activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools.Finally，we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently.28 目录.用五种基本句式翻译句子5 同时，父母给孩子的保护太多了。(S V O O)6 事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语。(S V
29、 O C)7 你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。(S V O C)8 作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。(S V O C)At the same time，parents are giving their children too much protection.In fact，he inspired me to major in English in college.Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.As a middle school student，I consider Eng
30、lish a very important subject.29 目录.语法填空 Scientists have long understood the key role that oceans play in controlling the Earths climate.One of the oceans most important climate 1._(function)is absorbing heat and carbon dioxide(CO2)，one of the gases that cause global warming.2._(cover)70%of the surf
31、ace of the globe，oceans store a thousand times more heat than the atmosphere does.The oceans 3._(absorb)huge amounts of heat and CO2 in the last forty years.In fact，the oceans are saving us 4._ faster climate changethey are putting a brake on the climate system.5._ bad news is that the oceans only s
32、low the atmospheric warming.Once the oceans come up against a greenhousegas warmed earth，the extreme heat will remain in the atmosphere and things will get much 6._(hot)functionsCoveringhave absorbedfromThehotter30 目录.语法填空 Another important role 7._(play)by the oceans is that of distributor.The ocea
33、ns currents carry oxygen，nutrients(营 养 物)and heat throughout the globe，just 8._ blood tubes bring oxygen and nutrition to cells in the human body.The ocean distributes 25%to 50%of energy 9._ the planet receives from the sun.For example，the Gulf Stream(墨 西 哥 湾 流)carries heat across the Atlantic.This
34、warm current makes northwestern Europe warmer than it would 10._(normal)be.playedas/likethat/whichnormally31 目录.短文改错 I still remember my first trip to Hainan with my parents years ago.We swam in Yalong Bay，which there were lots of people enjoying ourselves.We also visited the Monkey Island，a impress
35、ive attraction.The monkeys of different age there were so cute that I really wanted to touch them.But of course I cant.We were told before seeing the monkeys put everything in our bags and not to reach into our pockets or bags in case the monkeysthinking we were getting some gifts for themjumped to us and accidental hurt us.The people there were friendly to us and the food was delicious.And to believe me，the fresh coconut juice there is the better juice in the world！I am looking forward to visit it once more.wherethemselvesan agescouldnttoaccidentallybestvisiting