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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流生物工程专业英语翻译.精品文档.Beijing University of Chemical Technology 化学工业出版社 Exercise for Chapter 1 Line 1-10, P. 1 生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。生物工程利用细菌，酵母，真菌，植物细胞或培养的哺乳动物细胞作为工业加工的组分。只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。Biotechnology is an
2、 area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms,or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management.Biotechnology utilizes bacteria,yeasts，fungi，algae，plant cells or cultured mammalian cel
3、ls as constituents of industrial processes.Successful application of biotechnology will result only from the integration of a multiplicity of scientific disciplines and technologies,including microbiology,biochemistry,genetics,molecular biology,chemistry and chemical and process engineering. line3 -
4、line7, P.6 生物科学和生物工程之间有一个很明显的区别。生物科学对应于（是指）生物知识的获得，而生物工程强调的是生物知识的应用。在大部分情况下，生物工程的（加工）过程在低温下进行，消耗极少的能量，在通常情况下利用廉价的原料作为底物。A clear distinction must be drawn between bioscience and biotechnology.Bioscience refers to acquisition of biological knowledge whereas biotechnology refers to application of biolo
5、gical knowledge.Biotechnological processes will,in most cases,function at low temperatures,will consume little energy and rely in general on inexpensive raw materials as substrates. line22-line25, P.8 每个生物工程的方案都需要持续地评价资源的可获得性，经济效益和对环境的影响，以及对操作者和使用者的健康和安全。如果计划得当，生物工程将有助于取得在自然资源，人类的需求以及环境之间的平衡。Each bi
6、otechnological scenario will require continuous assessment of the resources available,the economics and the impact on the environment,together with the health and safety of operators and users.Biotechnology if correctly planned should help to achieve a proper balance between natural resources,human
7、needs and the environment.Exercise for Chapter 2 Line 11-17, P.16 新陈代谢是两个紧密联系但又不同的行为的发源地。合成代谢过程与形成细胞的材料有关，这些细胞材料不仅包括细胞的主要组分（蛋白质，核酸，脂，糖类等），还包括它们的中间前体物-氨基酸，嘌呤和嘧啶，脂肪酸，各种糖和磷酸糖。合成代谢过程不是自发进行的，对于大多数微生物来说，它们必须由一种能量流来推动，这种能量流是由“产生能量”的分解代谢过程所提供的。Metabolism is a matrix of two closely interlinked but divergent
8、activities.Anabolic processes are concerned with the building up of cell materials,not only the major cell constituents(proteins,nucleic acids,lipids,carbohydrates.etc.)but also their intermediate precursors-amino acids,purine and pyrimidines,fatty acids,various sugars driven by an energy flow that
9、for most microorganisms is provided by a series of “energy-yielding”-catabolic processes. Line 33-line35, P.16复杂句拆分 Transforming sugar at the same rate, aerobic yeast gives CO2, water, and a relatively high yield of new yeast, whereas yeast grown anaerobically has a relatively slow growth which is n
10、ow coupled to a high conversion of sugar into ethanol and CO2. Transforming sugar at the same rate, aerobic yeast gives CO2, water, and a relatively high yield of new yeast. Yeast grown anaerobically has a relatively slow growth. It is now coupled to a high conversion of sugar into ethanol and CO2.
11、Line7-11, P.21复杂句拆分 The molecular constitution of this enzyme is such that its catalytic activity can be modulated according to the prevailing metabolic status of the cell: if more energy is required, activity of PFK is increased; if the cell has sufficient energy or sufficient amounts of C3 metabol
12、ites then the activity of PFK is decreased. The molecular constitution of this enzyme is such. Its catalytic activity can be modulated according to the prevailing metabolic status of the cell. More energy is required. Activity of PFK is increased. The cell has sufficient energy or sufficient amounts
13、 of C3 metabolites. The activity of PFK is decreased.Exercise for Chapter 3 在生物工程各方面，在通过筛选产生新生物体方面，人们作了许多的努力，这些新生物体或者是来源于自然资源，或者是来自于利用突变或杂交过程（包括基因工程）等方法建立的培养物。为了产生有用的产品，这些微生物必需被筛选，并且它们以相当大的规模生长，以产生和提取理想产品，并且要使产品经过严格的评价。In all aspects of biotechnology major efforts are directed to screening programme
14、s to generate new organisms,either from some natural source or from established cultures by way of mutation or by hybridization programmes,including genetic engineering.These organisms must be screened for useful products and grown up on a large enough scale to produce and extract the desired produc
15、t and then to subject the product to critical evaluation. Line31-35, P.66 尽管许多新的自养微生物都是野生型的，但它们都已经从自然环境中被分离出来了，在运用实验室操作从已经存在的基因组产生新基因组方面，人们尽了许多努力。生物体可以通过突变、重组、转化、转导和基因克隆等方法被改变，人们可以使用其中的一种或几种方法(来改变生物体)。Although many new producer microorganisms are wild-types and have been isolated from natural enviro
16、nments,major efforts are also directed to generating new genomes from existing genomes by laboratory manipulation.Oraganisms can be modified by mutation,recombination,transformation,transduction and gene cloning either by single processes or in combinations. Line33-36, P.67复杂句拆分 In contrast, rationa
17、l screens make more use of the knowledge of the biochemistry of specific product formation, setting up a selection process that uses a characteristic of the desirable genotype which is not the particular one of interest but which can be more readily scored or assayed. In contrast, rational screens m
18、ake more use of the knowledge of the biochemistry of specific product formation, setting up a selection process. The process uses a characteristic of the desirable genotype. The characteristic is not the particular one of interest. The characteristic can be more readily scored or assayed. Exercise f
19、or Chapter 4 Line5-10, P.104 目前的这些产品的大规模生产过程完全是以前的家庭式生产方式的放大形式。与这种产品形式的发展相平行的是人们认识到微生物在去除令人讨厌的垃圾的过程中充当的角色，这将大规模地影响世界范围内的服务业，包括水的净化，污水处理和垃圾处理。The present-day large scale production processes of these products are essentially scaled up versions of former domestic arts.Paralleling this development of p
20、roduct formation was the recognition of the role microorganisms could play in removing unpleasant wastes and this has resulted in massive world-wide service industries involved in water purification,effluent treatment and waste management. Line31, P.104-line38, P.105 无论选择什么生物体，选用什么培养基，以及生产什么产品，商业发酵过
21、程在本质上都是非常相似的。在所有的情况下，大量的具有相同特征的细胞在给定的、可以控制的条件下生长。对相同的设备，只要稍作修改就能用来生产一种酶，一种抗生素，一种有机化学物质或一种单一的细胞蛋白质。最简单的发酵过程可以只是把微生物与营养培养基混合，使其中的组分发生反应。The processes of commercial fermentation are in essence very similar no matter what organism is selected,what medium is used and what product formed.In all cases,larg
22、e numbers of cells with unifom characteristics are grown under defined,controlled conditions.The same apparatus with minor modifications can be used to produce an enzyme,an antibiotic,an organic chemical or a single cell protein.In its simplest form fermentation processes can be just the mixing of m
23、icroorganisms with a nutrient broth and allowing the components to react. Line25-31, P.109 然而，对于许多分批培养来说，指数生长是短暂的。当营养物被生长的细胞种群用完时，无限制的生长将会被有限的生长所代替，尽管细胞的数量还在增加，而在特定点的比生长速率则趋向于越来越小，也就是说：小于max。降速期之后是稳定期，在此期间（在这个时期），由于营养物的耗尽，整个生长将不再进行。However,in most batch cultivations exponential growth is transitory.
24、As nutrients are used up by the growing cell population unlimited growth will be replaced by limited growth and although the cell population is still increasing the specific growth rate at any particular point tends to become smaller and smaller,i.e. max. This deceleration phase is then followed by
25、a stationary phase in which overall growth can no longer be achieved due to nutrient exhaustion: 复杂句拆分 (line30-line33, P.108)In this case is the concentration of a substrate in the medium which is in limiting concentrationwhen compared with other essential nutrients,max is the maximum specific growt
26、h rate of the organism while s represents a saturation constant. In this case is the concentration of a substrate in the medium. It is in limiting concentration when compared with other essential nutrients. max is the maximum specific growth rate of the organism. s represents a saturation constant.
27、Exercise for Chapter 5Line14-19, P.142虽然酶的活性位点通常都在活细胞内部，但是有许多例子表明，细胞可以把酶（胞外酶）释放到环境中去分解那些不能进入细胞大的有机分子（蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉）。对于一些为微生物来说，胞外酶的产生对正常的生长是非常重要的，酶的最初的商业化利用正是来源与此。Although the normal locus of enzyme action is in the interior of the living-cell there are numerous examples of cells being able to excrete e
28、nzymes(extracelluar enzymes)into the environment to break down large organic molecules(extracellrar enzymes)into the environment to break down large organic molecules(protens,fats,starches)which otherwise could not enter the cell.For some microorganisms extracellular enzyme production is of major im
29、portance for normal growth and it ws from this source that enzymes were first commercially exploited. Line15-19, P.145复杂句拆分 Extracellular enzymes have specific advantages over intracellular enzymes since their production does not require costly cell disruption techniques; furthermore, exrtacellular
30、enzymes are present in a relatively pure form in the culture liquid whereas intracellular enzymes need more complicated methods of separation and purification (see Chapter 6). Extracellular enzymes have specific advantages over intracellular enzymes. Their production does not require costly cell dis
31、ruption techniques. Exrtacellular enzymes are present in a relatively pure form in the culture liquid. Intracellular enzymes need more complicated methods of separation and purification (see Chapter 6). Line11-16, P.146 虽然对酶的合成没有普遍的的动力学模型，但研究一些特定的酶的规律还是可能的。只有少数重要的商业酶是在指数生长期生产的，大多数酶是在指数生长期之后合成的。 有用酶蛋
32、白质的产量占培养基原有干物质重量的 1%到 5%， 而在一个典型的酶发酵中细胞产量在同样的（相似的）基础下占的比例从 2%到 10% 变化。There are no general kinetic models of enzyme synthesis but it has been possible to study the regulation of certain enzymes.Only a few commercially important enzymes are produced during exponential growth,the majority being synthe
33、sized during the post-exponential growth phase.The yield of useful enzyme proteins can be from 1% to 5% of the initial dry substance of the medium while the cell yield in a typical enzyme fermentation can vary from 2%to 10% on a similar basis.Phrases for Chapter 1 organic acid 有机酸 genetic engineerin
34、g 遗传工程 enzyme technology 酶工程biochemical engineering 生化工程 chemical engineering 化学工程bioreactor design 生物反应器设计 raw material 原料，原材料water purification 水的净化 industrial products 工业品natural resources 自然资源 waste management 废物管理biotechnology 生物工程 molecular biology 分子生物学recombinant DNA 重组DNA protoplast fusion
35、原生质体融合monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体 tissue culture 组织培养high fructose syrup 高果糖浆 glucose isomerase 葡萄糖异构酶downstream processing 下游(加工)工程 by-products 副产品amino acid 氨基酸Phrases for Chapter 2 nucleic acid 核酸 adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶 energy charge 能荷biochemistry 生物化学 metabolism 新陈代谢ca
36、tabolism 异化作用，分解代谢 anabolism 同化作用，合成代谢anabolic reactions 合成代谢反应 reproductive capacity 生殖能力an energy flow 能量流 anaerobic organisms 厌氧有机体，厌氧生物体hydrolysis product 水解产物Phrases for Chapter 3 applied genetics 应用遗传学 protoplast fusion 原生质体融合in-house 机构内部的 screen, screening 筛选transduction (基因)转导 gene cloning
37、基因克隆 genotype 基因型 parasexual cycle 准性循环shotgun cloning 鸟枪法克隆 gene library 基因文库shake-flask culture 摇瓶培养 culture maintenance 菌种保藏trial and error 反复实验，视差法 recombinant DNA techniques DNA重组技术genetic manipulation 遗传操作，基因操作 genetic information 遗传信息culture medium (medium) 培养基screening procedures 筛选程序，筛选法 na
38、tural selection 自然选择random screen 随机筛选 rational screens 理性筛选，合理筛选Phrases for Chapter 4 fermentation technology 发酵工程 rate-limiting step 速度控制步骤fed-batch culture 半连续培养 doubling time 倍增时间generation time 传代时间 balanced growth 平衡生长exponential growth 指数生长 specific growth rate 比生长速率saturation constant 饱和常数 y
39、ield constant 生长得率系数lag phase 滞后期 exponential phase 指数（生长）期deceleration phase n. 降速期 stationary phase 稳定期death phase 死亡期 residence time 停留时间dilution rate 稀释率 wash-out 洗出alcoholic beverages 酒精饮料 large scale production 大规模生产effluent treatment 污水处理 driving force 驱动力process control 过程控制 heat transfer 热传
40、递，热转移mass transfer 质量传递，质量转移 conversion cost 加工成本product purity 产品纯度Phrases for Chapter 5 glucose oxidase 葡萄糖氧化酶 penicillin acylase 青霉素酰化酶 pyruvate kinase 丙酮酸激酶 immobilized enzyme 固定化酶extracellular enzyme 胞外酶 producer organism 自养有机体，自养生物体optimum condition 最佳条件，最优条件 side reaction 副反应，副作用fruit juice 果
41、汁 plant tissue 植物组织animal tissue 动物组织 legislative authority 法律根据，立法权利solid culture 固体培养 submerged cultivation 液面下培养solid state fermentation 固态发酵, 固体状态发酵 stainless steel 不锈钢laboratory scale 实验室规模 dry substance 干燥物质feedback regulation 反馈调节 feedback inhibition 反馈抑制feedback repression反馈阻遏 end-product 最终
42、产品，终产物secondary metabolites 次级代谢产物 secondary metabolism 次级代谢Phrases for Chapter 6 downstream processing 下游加工(技术) flocculating agent 絮凝剂depth filtration 深层过滤 cross-flow filtration 错流过滤water solution 水溶液 desired product 理想产品process scale 加工规模 ionic strength 离子强度reaction medium 反应介质 filter aid 助滤剂surface filtration 表面过滤 centrifugal filtration 离心过滤pressure drop 压力下降，压力差 filtration rate 过滤速度turbulent flow 湍流 fermentation broth 发酵液filtration resistance 过滤阻力 power consumption 能量消耗angular velocity 角速度 sedimentation rate 沉降速度charged ions 带电离子