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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date从属连词及状语从句从属连词及状语从句从属连词及状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导，与主句连接，位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开；位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。根据用途分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。一、 时间状语从句引导
2、词：when/while/as(当时)、before（在之前）after（在之后）、until（直到才）、since（自从）、as soon as（一 就）(1) WhenA. I was doing my homework when my mother came in.B. We were reading when the teacher came in.C. When the students were having a meeting, the teacher came in.主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时（从句常用一般过去时）eg: A、B从句中
3、的动作先于主句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时（主句用一般过去时）主句动作和从句动作都已完成，主句动作发生在前，可用过去完成时；从句动作发生在后，用一般过去时 Eg：When they got to the cinema the film had been on five minutes.(2) While主从句动作开始的时间不存在先后关系（即同时发生）或无所谓先后时，主从句同时使用过去进行时，由while 引导My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework last night.Strike while the inn
4、 is hot. 趁热打铁。 when 和 while 表为“当。的时候”时，when 引导的从句谓语可以是瞬间动词或延续性动词；while 引导的从句谓语必须是延续性动词Eg：The train had just left when (when/while) we arrived at the station .arrive是瞬间动词。I made some foreign friends when/while I was in London.(3) before.在.之前。表示主句的动作发生咋从句的动作之前。Take the medicine before you go to bed.(4
5、) after 在。之后。表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。After he had finished his composition, he left his office.(5) as soon as 就。从句的动作发生，主句的动作随即发生（主将从现） I will ring you as soon as I get there. I tried to call you as soon as I heard from you, but you were not in. 即当主句时态是过去时，从句的时态也用过去时。（6）since 自以来 1主句（现在完成时）+since+从句（一般过去时
6、） 2It is +时间+从句（一般过去时） It has been+时间+since+从句（一般过去时） 3since 从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的词Eg：He has worked in this school since he graduated from BJ normal university.Eg: It is ten years since I began to study English.Eg: It has been 8years since I studied English.Eg：Do you know Betty well? Yes, she and I have be
7、en friends since we met in Guangzhou last summer.Eg: Oh, dear！Surprised to meet you here. _since we saw last time. It has long time no see.A: It is a long time B: How I miss you .C: I havnt seen you D Its been a long time (7)until /till 1主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till 所表示的时间为止。 Ill
8、wait for you till you come to see me. Ill wait until the rain stops.2当主句是否定句时，主句谓语动词应是瞬间动词 主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前 构成句式：notuntil 有时不用not，而用never（hardly）、nothing（none）等表示否定的词 I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. I wont leave my office until my work is finished. 这时的until可用before来替换。Leave是瞬间动词 I har
9、dly knew anything about it until you told me. A. since B. after C. until D. when在下列情况下，时间状语从句必须用一般现在时（since引导的时间状语从句除外）主句时态是一般将来时主句中有情态动词can、may、must、had better等主句是祈使句二、条件状语从句引导词：if （如果）、as long as（只要）、unless（除非）if 主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时 Ill visit the Great Wall if it doesnt rain tomorrow.如果if引导的条件状语从句所表
10、示的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行。动词要用现在完成时或进行时。主句通常用将来时 We will give you a good price if you are thinking of buying it.”祈使句and/or 引导的结果状语从句”中，祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句 Hurry up 、or else/otherwise youll be late Use your head, and youll find a way.= If you use your hand, youll find a way. 在下列情况下，if 引导的条件状语从句必须用一般现在时; 主句时态
11、是一般将来时主句中有情态动词can、may、must、had better等主句是祈使句Lucy may fall behind her classmates if she doesnt study hard.Please call me if many comes tomorrow.If you still have any other questions, please put up your hands.练习; Study hard，and youll make great progress.(改成同义句)If you study hard，youll make great progre
12、ss. Study hard，or you will fall behind the others.If you dont study hard，you will fall behind the others.I dont know if it _ tomorrow。 We wont go hiking if it _ tomorrow. A. will rain； will rain B. rains； rains C. will rain；rains D. rains；will rain if 从句和so 从句的混用 If kate goes to the cinema，_ A. so d
13、oes Tom B. so will Tom C. neither will Tom D. neither does I wonder if your wife will go hiking. If your wife _, so _. A. does；does she B. will；will mine C. does；will mine D. will；will her If Jim doesnt go swimming tomorrow _ A. so does Tom B. so will Tom C. neither will Tom D. neither does Tom三、原因状
14、语从句 Because（原因） since（既然） as（由于） for（由于） becauseEg: He didnt go to school because he was ill. He was angry because we made a noise._ water is very important to us, we should protect our rivers and lakes. A. So B. Though C. If D. As_ you are not feeling well，youd better stay at home. A. Because B. Si
15、nce C. Or D. But_ it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. A. As B. Because C. And D. So After school I found mother was sick in bed._ mother was ill，I should do something for her. A. So B. Though C. Since D. If原因状语从句通常用because、since、as引导，这三个词所表示的语气由because到as逐渐减弱。由why 提出的问题用because来回答Because表示原因语气
16、最强，经常表示作者未知的原因Why are you late？Because Im ill. 又可以在强调句型中成为被强调的部分It is because you are lazy that you have lost the job.正因为你懒惰才失去了工作 since 次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后推断出来的原因或指的是人们已知的事实 Since no one is against it, lets carry out the plan. Since you cant answer the question, you can ask someone for help. as
17、 语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，可以放在主句前或主句后 Youd better wear strong shoes as well do a lot of walking. because 表为“因为”，强调未知原因，是句中较重要的部分，它用来回答why 的提问，because从句放在主句之后since、as意思是“既然、由于”，表示显而易见的原因，是句中不甚重要的部分，更强调结果。Since、as引导的从句常放在主句之前。Since比as正式，再者都不能回答why 的提问 as a result of(因为)、because of （因为）、thanks to（多亏、由于）A. Th
18、anks to the bad weather this spring, the crops are nor growing quite well.B. The sports meeting was put off because the weather was bad.The sports meeting was put off because of the bad weather. for 属并列连词，但不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，用于表示补充说明理由 He must be ill, for he is absent today. The days are short, fo
19、r it is now December.白天短了，因为现在已经是12月了。四、目的状语从句 so that(以便、为了)、in order that(为了)等谓语中常含有may、might、can、could、will、would等情态动词 Eg：He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus. I sit in the front of the classroom so that I can see clearly. 当补句主语与主句一致时，可用so as to, in order to He worked day and n
20、ight in order that he could succeed.= He worked day and night in order to succeed.五、结果状语从句 Sothat/suchthat(如此。以至于) so that（结果是） so that 引导的目的状语从句与so that引导的结果状语从句a 目的状语从句一般使用情态动词，结果状语从句一般不使用情态动词b 结果状语从句只能放在句末c 结果状语从句常常用逗号与主句分开Ill wash the dress soon so that you can wear it tomorrow.我会很快把这条裙子洗一洗，好让你明
21、天穿（目的状语从句）The roof had fallen in, so that the hut was out of use.屋顶塌陷，所以小屋不能住了（结果状语从句） so that 与 such that 区别 sothat 句型中，so是副词，其后接形容词或副词so + adj. / adv + thatso + adj. +a/an + 单数名词 + thatso many/few + 复数名词so such/little + 不可数名词She is so lovely a girl that we love her very much.Its so hot that nobody
22、 wants to go out.外面太热以至于没人想出去We have so much time that we can finish the work very well. So that 句型的否定形式可用“too to ”或“not enough to”代替He is so young that he cant go to school.= He is too young to go to school.= He is not old enough to go to school. Such + a/an +adj. + 单数名词 + thatSuch + 形容词 + 复数名词 + t
23、hatSuch + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + thatShe is such an honest women that everybody trust her.It is such nice weather that I dont like to stay at home.天气这么好，我不想呆在家里She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much.六、让步状语从句 引导词：though/although(尽管、虽然)、even if（即使）、whatever（无论什么）、wherever（无论哪里）、whenever(无论何时)、eve
24、n though（即使） though/although 虽然、尽管 Though/although it was very hot, he kept on working.尽管天气很热他还是坚持工作 注意though与although语义相同，两者可换用。但although比though 语气 主句中可以用yet，still，nevertheless 与其呼应，但不可使 用butThough I believe it, yet I must consider.虽然相信这一点，但我还得考虑考虑 though 可作副词，放在句末，意为“不过，但是”，although无此用法He said he
25、would help me ；he didnt though.他说他会帮我的，但是他并没有帮我在短语even though 及as though中不可换用althougheven though 和 even if “尽管”“即使” 这两个复合连词意义相同，常用以强调让步概念，会有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟语气） Eg：Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气很糟糕，我们也要去旅行 Even if I were in your place, I wouldnt take the job. 即使我在你的位置，我也不会接受这份
26、工作（虚拟语气） He will come even if he is ill. 即使他病了他也会来的 I wont give up even if I should fail ten times. 即使失败十次，我也不会放弃。whoever/no matter who(无论谁，不管什么人)、whatever/no matter what(无论什么、不管什么样的)、whichever/no matter which(无论哪个) Whomever=no matter whom(无论谁、宾格) Eg： Whoever/no matter who you are，you must obey the
27、law. 无论你是谁，你都得守法。 Dont lose heart, whatever/no matter what happens. 不管发生什么都不要气馁。 Some people act regardless of what will happen afterwards. 有些人做事根本不管后果。七、地点状语从句 引导词：where(的地方)、wherever（无论哪里） Eg：We must camp where we can get water. 我在必须能找到水的地方露营。 I will follow you whenever you go. 无论你到哪里我都跟随你。 Where
28、there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成 You are free to go wherever you like. 你可以到任何你可以去的地方 Make a mark where you have any questions. 在有疑问的地方做个记号 Sit wherever you like. 请随便坐 注意：where 与wherever区别 Wherever= to/at any place where Ill go where he went. 我要去他去的地方 Ill go wherever he goes. 他去哪我就去哪。（非特定地点） 地点
29、状语从句与定语从句的区别While引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无先行词Go back where you come from。你从何处来回到何处去。（地点状语从句）Go back to the village where you came from。回到你来的哪个村子里去（引导定语从句修饰village）You have to go on，whatever/no matter what difficulties you meet. 无论遇到什么困难，你都得继续下去Whichever/no matter which book you borrow, you
30、 must return it in a week. whatever、whoever、whomever、whichever等可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句而no matter what/who/whom/which等只能引导让步状语从句 Eg：Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都应得到惩罚（引导主语从句，在从句中作主语） Whatever she wants is fine with me. 她无论要什么我都没意见 （引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语） Whichever （of you）comes in first wil
31、l receive a prize, 你们之中哪个先到达都先得到奖品。（引导主语从句，在从句中作主语） however/no matter how (不管怎样)、wherever/no matter where(无论在何处)、whenever/no matter when(无论何时) Whenever/ No matter when you come back, dont wake me up. He carries a book in his pocket，wherever/no matter where he goes. 他不管去哪里，口袋里都带一本书 However/ No matter
32、 how late he is ，mother will wait for him to have dinner together. However good a book it is，I just dont like it. in spite of ./ despite/ regardless of Eg: In spite of/ Despite the fact that he is sometimes selfish，we have to depend on him. 尽管他有时很自私，我们还是得依靠他 Wherever you go，I go too。（地点状语从句）无论何地=no
33、matter where八、比较状语从句 引导词：than（比）、as.as(和一样)、not as/ soas(不如)、the more.the more.(越.越.) Eg: She studies harder than he is.他看上去比实际年龄要小 The more you read，the more knowledge you can get. He is as old as I. The project was completed earlier than we had expected. 这个工程完成的比我们预期的要早 The more you eat ， the fatt
34、er you will be。九、方式状语从句 引导词：as （按照、像一样、正如.） As if/ as though (好像、正如)1、 Eg：Ill do it as you tell me. (按照) Every student did as the teacher said. Do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗 Just as water is to fish, so air is to man. 空气对于人正如水对于鱼一样。注意：A is to B what C is to D. 是一个固定句型 意为：“A对于B而言正如C对于D一样” We are to them
35、what fish is to water.我们和他们的关系好像鱼和水一样 Reading is to mind what food is to the body.读书之于头脑如同食物之于身体 有时也可把what从句放在句首如： What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer. 写作提纲之于作家就如同蓝图之于建筑师一样。2、 as if/as though 引导的从句若与事实相反用虚拟语气；若与事实相符不用虚拟语气。She looks as if shes going to cry.她看起来似乎要哭I reme
36、mber it as if it were yesterday.我记得这件事仿佛是昨天发生的Our teacher treats us as though we were her children.我们的老师对待我们就像对待他的孩子以一样。习题：1. We will arrive at the cinema in ten minutes_there isnt too much traffic in the street.(10东城二模) DA.till B.though C.before D.if2. The players kept on training_it rained heavily
37、.(10宣武二模) B A.since B.though C.because D.for3. Dad, Im afraid that I cant do it.（10西城二模）D Take it easy, dear. Youll never know it _ you try. A. afterB. sinceC. whenD. until4. Mr Li didnt come to school _ he was ill.（10通州二模）B A. but B. because C. and D. or5. Why dont you look up the new word in a dic
38、tionary_you dont know it ? (10怀柔二模) A A.if B.that C.though D.whether6. He didnt go to bed _ he finished his homework.（10大兴二模）DA. when B. if C. that D. until7. Ben was unhappy _ he got a C in the math test. AA. becauseB. beforeC. ifD. when8. It is known to all that_you exercise regularly ,you wont st
39、ay in good health. A A.unless B.if C.until D.as9. You cant go out and play_youve done your homework. D A.when B.since C.while D.until10. Why hasnt Mr .Li come to work today ? D _he has gone to Beijing to have a meeting. A.If B.After C.Before D.Because11.kate is _busy_she cant have a picnic with us t
40、his weekend. B A.too; to B.so; that C. such;that D.so;as12. Many people move to the countryside_they enjoy the quiet life there. C A. until B.if C.because D.before13.Would you like to go to the gym with me, Ben? Id like to,_you dont want to go alone. A.until B.before C.if D.after14. Lily didnt go to
41、 school today_she is ill. A.if B.before C. until D. because15. Uncle Wang gave all his saving to the Hope School _he himself was not rich. A. because B. though C.if D.or16.We were so excited that we rushed into the street_we heard the news. A.until B.ever since C.as if D.as soon as17. You should fin
42、ish your homework_you go out to play. A.when B.after C.before D.while18. Bill wont make any progress_he studies harder than before. A.if B.when C.because D.unless19._scientists have done a lot of research on A (H1N1) flu,there are still some cases for further study. A.As B.Once C.If D.Although20. Xiao Hua felt_at the beginning of this term _he got the textbooks for free. A.excited;because B.exciting;because C.excited;so D.exciting;so21.Did you give Dick a call ? I didnt need to _Ill see him soon. A.when B.though C.until D.because2