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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date上海中考首字母填空专题首字母填空讲解首字母填空讲解I. 知识考点首字母填空类短文题是近几年中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种
2、试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。可是这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的句子成分，才能完成练习。完型填空式中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。 考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。 首字母填空特点及中考趋势：1) 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母
3、同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。2) 从近几年的考题来看，短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广，几乎涉及到了十大词类；文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽，学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题，有一定的难度。文章短小、精致，字数通常在100150之间。短文的体裁不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。短文题材丰富，内容通俗易懂，与现代生活紧密相关，如：英国人分期付款购房；度假回来的路上买家具的小故事；食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响；被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等，可读性、趣味性强，符合初中生的
4、认知特点。根据首字母提示填空类短文的阅读题属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。II. 典型例题When the London Underground goes on strike,my journey to work can be terrible.I remember a strike,which happened a few years a_1_.The station near my house was closed and I had to us
5、e another station and take a different train.This a_2_about an hour to my journey,so I wasnt very happy.E_3_went wrong at the station.People were late and they were panicking!By the time I go to the train,I wasfeeling upset and sorry for myself.Then I saw this man.There was something about him-he ha
6、d such a familiar f_4_.A few minutes later,I realized that he was Jack,a fiend from my school days in Scotland.At the same time he a_5_realized who I was.Then we started talking about school days and the people we both used to k_6_.I was even more surprised when the train came into my station and he
7、 started to get off too!I asked him w_7_he was going and he said he was going to work.He told me he worked in Fitzroy Street.You see,I work in Fitzroy Street,too.Itsasmall w_8_!It was such an amazing coincidence!全文概况是身处英国的作者在经历一次他印象深刻的伦敦地铁罢工事件时，巧遇他旧日在苏格兰的同学的故事。在截取这样一个素材时，出题者选取了8个词汇作为得分点。-第1空的答案是ago。
8、此处很少有同学失分，把握一般过去时的必要的条件就是要有一个表示段时间的afewyears,再看文中其余动词的时态就很容易推断出是指几年以前。-第2空的答案是added.此处失分的同学不少，其难点有二：先是要判断此空所需单词的词性是什么。让我们跳过空格审视一下剩余部分还缺少什么句子成分？该句主语、宾语都在，只有中间的谓语不见，由此推断该处应为开头是a的动词，作者一再强调此次罢工是terrible的，那么消极影响就必然是增加作者的麻烦。并且该句后面有一个介词to出现，那么什么动词既表示“增加、添加”又可以和to一同使用呢？那么只有add符合条件。第一个难点解决了，下一个就要看时态。根据统一原则，把
9、add改为过去时added。很多同学过了难点以后就不再关注细节了，导致只填了add而失分。第3空的答案是Everything.原则同上。第4空答案是face.作者偶然注意的人身体上的哪个部位会是以f开头的呢？有face,foot等等可能，显然填脚是“令人眼熟的”似乎不大合乎逻辑，能一眼被人辨认的人体部位就是面孔，因此判断是face。第5空答案是also.副词的考察这已经是第二次出现了，通观这一句，所有主要成分无一缺席，惟有表示“也、同时”的副词才符合题意，因而确定为also.表示在作者认出这样一个老同学的同时，对方也同时辨认出了“我”的身份。第6空答案是know.此句是一个包含省略关系代词“t
10、hat/who/whom”的定语从句的复合句，先行词可确定是peo-ple,而表示“认识/知道”含义的以k开头的动词只有know。第7空答案是where.先要复习一下宾语从句的概念，它是指在主从复合句中充当宾语、位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句。引导宾语从句的连接词有：连词that，whether，if；连接代词who，which，what以及其强调形式whoever，whichever，whatever；连接副词when，where，why，how等。本句及物动词ask后很明显应该衔接的是双宾语，其中有直接宾语人称代词him,后面就要跟一个由任意连接副词引导的宾语从句做间接宾语。再向后
11、看，发现“老朋友”回答作者他是要去工作，从而确定选择连接副词where代指地点。-第8空答案是world.此句是非正常形式的感叹句，虽然不是由“what/how”引导，但后面的感叹号仍说明了该句的性质，在判断出了以上7个空白后，同学们可轻易知道作者感慨的是“这世界真小！”名词world等均包含在初中英语学科教学基本要求里。以上8个空白应填的每个单词或是其变型形式，都没有超出课程标准的要求，甚至大部分单词的字母数都不超过5个。可见中考英语试题中首字母填空类题目并不是要在单词难度上做文章，而是要全方位地考察同学们对所学知识点的综合判断能力以及总体语言应用水平。只要平时多注意加强训练自己的能力，并且
12、多选有价值的文章自我整合，还是很有可能取得进步的。III. 方法总结1. 通读短文知大意，看整体全面了解与阅读理解题和其它类型的完形填空一样，首先要通读短文，了解文章的大意。每篇短文段落之间必然承上启下、前呼后应。因此通读全文时要一气呵成，只要能了解短文的大意即可，细节不理解可以跳过。因此，在解题之前通读一遍短文，目的是对文章有个全面的了解，弄清其中心思想和大意。2. 复读短文抓信息，前后照应巧猜词在了解文章大意的前提之下再次通读短文，目的是对短文有更进一步的了解。在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头（一般不设空）和结尾，它们能提供主要的信息，帮助了解全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想。在阅读过程中
13、，要注意上、下文的关系，这对于把握文章的整体意义大有用处。另外，要学会跳读，即对不理解的地方采用暂时回避的方式，待真正理解全文之后再找解决的方法。有些短文填空题，有时出现约 3%5% 的生词是很正常的，这就要求学生根据构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义。3. 反复推敲多分析，慎重答题讲合理再次通读短文，对留空的句子进行全面的分析，看它在全文中所处的位置、作用和意义。这一遍阅读要求是精心阅读，要留心找出关键词、短语或句子，结合翻译，上下文联系和所填空格在词性（动词，名词，形容词，副词，数词，连词等），再结合所给首字母的提示进行填写。注意不能本末倒置，先看首字母去填写而忽视翻译和文章
14、总体的通顺。在填写的过程中应多注意连词在文中的提示作用，and表示并列或递进，but，however等表示转折等。4. 认真复查全文，把握整体和词形做完以后，再认真读一遍，检查所填写的单词是否与文章要求相符，文章是否通顺，前后是否呼应，有无句型结构及语法错误。从实际中看，很多学生能够充分利用词首字母和短文内容填写单词，但是，问题往往出现在单词的形式变化上。比如填 q ，要求填写 quickly ，而多数考生只知道填写 quick ，忽略了词性问题。还有动词注意词尾是s/es/ed/ing形式，名词注意单复数，总之，深思熟虑很重要。IV. 针对性练习（一）The Empire State Bui
15、lding(帝国大厦) has held a special place in the hearts of Americans since it was completed in 1931.It r_86_ more than 443 metres into the sky. For more than forty years , it was the tallest building in the world.It has one hundred and three levels and six thousand five hundred windows. Visitors can ride
16、 in one of seventy-three elevators that take them from the b_87_ to very near the top of the building. Some of these elevators are very fast, reaching the eightieth floor in only forty-five seconds.The heads of government of almost every n_88_ in the world have visited the Empire State Building. The
17、se important people are just a few of million who have ridden to theobservation area near the top of the building each year. From there, visitors can see almost all of New York City. They can see the view a _89_ the Hudson River into the state of New Jersey. They can see ships in the East River.Even
18、 if you have never visited New York, there is a good chance for you to see the Empire State Building. It has been photographed c _90_ times. It has even played parts in movies. One is about a huge ape(猿)that escapes and climbs to the top of the building. The movie is “King Kong”(金刚). It was made in
19、1933. The Empire State Building also appeared in the love story “An Affair to Remember”(金玉盟).Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr play a man and a woman who meet and fall in love on a ship. They are looking at the New York City skyline from the ship when they plan a future meeting.More recently, in “Sleeples
20、s in Seattle(西雅图未眠夜)”，two people in love agree to meet at the Observation Deck on Valentines Day(情人节). B_91_ do arrive, but one is a little later. They almost m _92_each other.In the early nineteen seventies, the Empire State Building lost its place as the tallest building in New York. People in the
21、 city then had the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center to look up to. Tragically that all changed on the morning of September 11,2001. Terrorists hijacked(劫持) passenger airplanes into the Twin Towers and destroyed them. The Empire State Building again has become the citys tallest building.（二）A tho
22、usand years ago, Hong Kong was covered by a thick forest. As more and more people came to live in Hong Kong, these trees were cut down and burnt. Now there is no forest left, though there are still some small areas covered with trees. We call these “woods”.Elephants, tigers and many o 86 animals wer
23、e living in the thick forest. When people came to live in Hong Kong, the animals began to die out. Early farmers grew rice and r 87 pigs and chickens in the valleys. They cut down the trees and burnt them. They needed fire to keep t 88 _ warm in winter, to cook their food and to drive away the dange
24、rous animals. Elephants quickly d 89 because there was not enough food for them. So did most of the wolves and tigers.You might think that there are no longer any animals in Hong Kong e 90 inthe zoos, but there are still about 36 different animals living there. One of the most lovely of Hong Kongs a
25、nimals is the barking deer. These are beautiful little animals w 91 arich brown coat and a white patch under the tail. They look like deer but they are much smaller. They are less than two feet high. They make a noise rather like a dog barking. In Hong Kong the barking deer has only one r 92 enemy m
26、en. People hunt these little animals though it is illegal (违法的). There are now not many barking deer left. So it is important for people to protect these wild animals.（三）What are the most popular shoes in the world? Sneakers, of course! Almost everybody o86 at least one pair of sneakers. But, how ma
27、ny people know the history of the sneaker?Sneakers were first introduced around the b87 of the 20th century. The sneaker was invented when a shoe company glued a piece of rubber to the shoeshop. They called it an athletic （运动的）shoe.In 1917, U.S. Rubber sold athletic shoes called Keds. The shoes beca
28、me known as “sneakers,” because they were so q88 that you could sneak up on （偷偷接近）people while wearing them. For many years, sneakers only came in one c89 choice and it wasnt white. They were brown with black bottoms.The way sneakers looked changed in the early 1960s. A runner named Phil Knight and
29、his coach, Bill Bowerman, decided to make them b90 . They made some experiments to find a light, comfortable athletic shoe, and went into the sneakerbusiness.One day, Bowerman stuck a piece of rubber into a waffle maker （华夫饼干制造器）. W91 he heated it up, the iron made a pattern of criss-crosses （十字图案）i
30、n the rubber. Bowerman was inspired to use this on the sole （鞋底）of a shoe to give the shoe traction（摩擦力）and a lighter weight. He knew that this rubber wouldnt slip on the gym floor.The two men named their shoes Nike, after a Greek goddess. Nike was a symbol of victory. From then o92 , Nike shoes became winners, too. They were sold in many different colors and styles and have sold millions and millions all around the world.-