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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语语法之名词英语语法之名词一、名词的分类1、专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross2、普通名词:可数名词:个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people不
2、可数名词:物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news二、名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:1、绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.2、以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如:watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3、以辅音字母y结尾的
3、名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby,babies;family,families;以元音字母y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys4、以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数,常见的有:roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以,如handkerchiefs,handkerchieves5、少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记:manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen;foo
4、tfeet;toothteeth; childchildren; mousemice少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer, fish, means (注:fishes表不同种类的鱼)6、复合名词:A.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如:two men teachers, four women doctorsB.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如:lookers-on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。如:grown-ups 成年人,go-be
5、tweens 中间人7、以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄,findings 调查结果, doings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks 烟火,remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬 ,stairs 楼梯8、有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如:take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备,give regards to 问候三、名词的所有格1、名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如:Toms bike,Marxs
6、works以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“”或“s”。如:Engels/Engelss works以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“”。如:students homework,a workers nightschool 一所工人夜校,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“s”。如:mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2、如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如:Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3、表示店铺或某
7、人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如:the tailors 裁缝店,the barbers理发店,go to the doctors上诊所,at my uncles在我叔叔家4、表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示所有格。如:todays newspaper,half an hours rest,two weeks work,ten minuteswalk,Chinas population,Shanghais industry5、表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如:the students of their schoo
8、l, the teachers of Grade 26、表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.考点分析1He gained his _by printing _of famous writersA.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works析:此题答案D。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不可数名词表“工作”意,
9、又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式。根据题目意思,此处work应作可数名词用,于是又可排除A。2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today.A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the析:knowledge 是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:a strong character 坚强的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a wast
10、e of time 浪费时间;a pressure on sb.对某人的压力;have a good time玩得痛快;He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如:what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识;Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。由以上两点可确定答案为A。3.Oh, John _you gave us !A.How a great
11、 surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise析:正确答案为C。“a/an形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如:an advanced culture 一种先进文化;a great interest 极大的兴趣;do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。4. She broke a _ while she was washing up .A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wines glass D.glass of wi
12、ne析:根据broke一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D;C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式,只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表分类意义表时间、地点、称呼表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution例:book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South
13、 China例:milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush5._terrible weather weve been having these days!A.What B.What a C.How D.How a析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。6.Shortly after the accident ,two _police were sent to the sp
14、ot to keep order .A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens of D.dozen析: 正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加S,并与of连用:dozens of (许多的),scores of (好几十的),hundreds of (成百的),thousands of (上千的),millions of (数百万的)7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为C。这是由情景,语境确定答案题目。8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _.A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice析:答案为A。道理同第7题。-