《从社会心理学角度分析《心是孤独的猎人》的主题-纪红梅.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《从社会心理学角度分析《心是孤独的猎人》的主题-纪红梅.docx（58页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、山东大学 硕士学位论文 从社会心理学角度分析心是孤独的猎人的主题 姓名：纪红梅 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：英语语言文学 指导教师：王勇 20080410 摘要 二十世纪开始以来，世界范围内发生了巨大的社会及经济变革。激烈的竞争及商业 化使人们面临前所未有的压力。人人追求自己更大的利益及更高的社会地位。结果是传 统的生活方式和价值观念发生了动摇。人与人之间的信任与真诚遭到破坏。人与人之间 的诚挚的交流变得日益困难。因此人们便转而封闭自己的内心世界 不可避免得人们开 始感到精神隔绝及孤独。因此孤独便成了 20 世纪的一个普遍主题。对美国南部各州的 作家尤其如此。在这里经济落后，同时又保留了特殊的历
2、史及文化传统。卡森 麦卡勒 斯就是其中杰出的一位。她因刻画孤独，异化及精神隔绝的人物而著称。 卡森 麦卡勒斯本人遭受不幸婚姻及疾病之苦。因此难以摆脱压抑及孤独心理。由 于她对生活的特殊理解及感受，她对精神隔绝，孤独及异化这一类主题驾御起来得心应 手。她把故事设置在美国南部小镇，解释孤独人物的内心世界及人 们无法沟通及理解的 现实。她的重要作品包括心是孤独的猎人，金色眼睛里的镜象，伤心咖啡屋之歌 及 婚礼成员。 本文主要分析 心是孤独的猎人这部小说。以小说文本为基础，从分析创作动机 出发，本文将从弗洛姆社会心理学角度挖掘孤独的根源。 导轮部分概述了小说创作的背景，以往的研究状况及本文研究的目的和
3、意义。 第一章从作者的人生经历和美国南部各州的文学传统角度，分析作者坚持写孤独 主题的原因。卡森 麦卡勒斯创作的一系列，其中人物大都被精神隔绝和疏离感所困扰 . 如果我们跟踪作者的人生经历，透视南方历史， 文化背景和文学传统，不难看出原因。 第二章揭示孤独不可避免的原因。第一个原因是小说中的人物都无法与周围的人进 行有意义的交流与沟通 .其次是他们都需要自己的上帝，而他们自己创造的 上帝 却 自杀，欺骗的他们的信任 .最后，一个原因是人类的爱之情感的无能。 第三章分析作者呈现孤独主题的独特手法。她利用了独特的音乐结构，象征和哥特 式风格，使作品的主题，即，孤独，精神隔绝和疏离表现得更加生动鲜明
4、 * 第四章运用弗洛姆的社会心理学来分析孤独的根源。弗洛姆结合里马克思和弗洛 伊德，他提出了人类的五种需要，同时指出现代社 会恰恰违背了人性，使人们不可避免 地产生了孤独感。本章将利用他的理论來具体分析造成小说人物孤独的深刻社会原因。 结论部分总结全文，揭示小说中人物不能交流沟通，隔绝和暴力倾向的不可避免 性。小说中，每个人都怪异，自私，不成熟，性挫败，都从生活的社会隔离出去，但是作者把重 点放在了人物生活的社会上 当人们都以自我为中心，当然无法与人沟通，但是由这种 人群组成的不健全的社会让人们更加孤独。 关键词：隔绝，孤独，异化，他者，怪诞 Abstract Since the beginn
5、ing of the 20th century, remarkable social and economical changes have taken place in the world. Fierce competition and commercialization put people under a lot of pressure and stress. Everyone strives for greater interest and higher social status. Consequently traditional life style and moral value
6、s have been shaken. Trust and sincerity between people is being impaired and real communication is becoming more and more difficult. As a result, people tend to resign to their innermost world and it is inevitable that they feel spiritually isolated and lonely. Loneliness has become a popular theme
7、for writers of 20th century, especially to those of the writers in the Southern States in the USA, where the economy was lagging behind, and special historical and cultural heritage was preserved. Carson McCullers is one of those prominent writers, who is famed for characterizing lonely, alienated a
8、nd spiritually isolated people. Carson McCullers suffers from her troubled marriage and miserable illness and she can not get herself out from the shadow of dqression and loneliness. On the basis of such special understandings and feelings toward life, such themes as spiritual isolation, loneliness
9、and alienation are easy for her to handle. She typically sets her stones in small southern communities, reveals the inner lives of lonely people and the reality that people have difificulties communicating with and understanding one another. Her important works include The Heart Is a Lonely Heart, R
10、eflections in a Golden Eye, The Ballad of the Sad Cafe and The Member of the Wedding. This thesis focuses on The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. Based on the text of the novel and starting from the motives of creation this thesis intends to study the theme of the novel in the light of Erich Fromms social
11、psychological theory. Introduction covers the background of the creation of this novel, and the research that has already done on her works, as well as the purpose and significance of the thesis. Chapter one focuses on the reasons for the persistence to present the theme from the authors* life exper
12、ience and the literary tradition of the southern states. Carson McCullers produced a small body works which are fiaught with people who were spiritually isolated lonely, and alienated. If we trace her life story and take a close look at the historical and literary background of the Southern States,
13、we may find the reasons. Chapter two will probe the three causes that account for the inevitability of loneliness. The first cause is that all the characters are incapable of conducting meaning communication with those around them, and the second one is that they all need a personal God to help them
14、 and the God they created deceives and kills himself, and the last reason is the futility of human love. Chapter three intends to analyze the Carsons unique approaches to present loneliness. She makes use of special musical structure, the symbols, and Gothic style. McCullers applies these special me
15、thods to make the presentation of the theme, namely loneliness, spiritual isolation and alienation more vividly and effectively. Chapter four delves into the root causes of loneliness, applying Erich Fromms social psychological theory. Erich Fromm studied the interaction between psychology and socie
16、ty by integrating Marxs and Freuds theories and he put up the five needs of human beings. We will apply his theory to analyze the root causes of loneliness of the characters in the novel The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter. Conclusion summarizes the whole thesis, and demonstrates the inevitability of the c
17、haracters failure of communication, the isolation, and the violence prevalent in the modem society. Each person is freakishly, selfish, immature, sexually frustrated, and essentially alienated from their society. However, a concurrent emphasis is placed on the accurate social depiction of these char
18、acters. No communication can exist en each person creates only a self-centered world around him. But an insane society composed of such individual parts will drive man further into himself. Key words: isolation, loneliness, alienation, Other, grotesque 原 创 性 声 明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进 行研究所取得
19、的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何 其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。对本 文的研究作出重要贡 献的个人和集体，均己在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律责任由本人 承担。 论文作者签名 ： 私 ?，核 日期 ： 1/0 关于学位论文使用授权的声明 本人同意学校保留或向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的印刷件和电子 版，允许论文被查阅和借阅；本人授权山东大学可以将本学位论文的全部 或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手 段保存论文和汇编本学位论文。 (保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定 ） 论 文 作 者 签 名 ： 导 师 签 名 ： j, 益 日期： m
20、 Introduction When the world has reached this era with highly developed technology, spiritual isolation has become nowhere to hide from. On the one hand, human beings have achieved remarkably in reconstructing the world; on the other hand, interpersonal relationship tends to be depersonalized with t
21、he increasing abstraction and complexity of political, economic and especially social life in modem America as well as in the world. Human beings are bewildered by the breakdown of traditional manners and moral standards, and the gradual erosion of the community and families render them feel lonely,
22、 which is followed by a materialized connection between people. People are prone to become indifferent to each other unless they have something to do with their interest, as a result of iich faith among people has been gradually eluding. Human relations have become distorted by the cruelty of the wo
23、rld and they tend to resign to a corner and lock their sorrow and pain within themselves because they are inextricable. A large number of writers, especially those of Southern America awaken to the spiritual crisis. A great many works concerning this theme emerge in either English or other languages
24、, for example, T.S. Eliofs Wasteland and Saul Bellows Dangling Man. The theme of loneliness is the main concern of southern writers, among whom Carson McCullers is worth our special attention. Carson McCullers is a prominent writer in America in the 1940s. Her first novel The Heart Is A Lonely Hunte
25、r (1940) won great reputation and recognition for her when she was still in her earlier twenties. Her other works include Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941); The Member of The Wedding (1946), which won the New York Critics Award in 1950 and was staged as a play at the Royal Court Theater, London; 7%
26、e o/7/ie 5 Cafe (1951); The Square Root of Wonderful (1958); Clock without Hands (1961) and Sweet as a Pickle and Clean as a Pig (1964). Besides, McCullers writes a lot of prose and poems, but among her works, it is her novels that bring her great honor. She was Guggenheim Fellow in 1942-3 and in 19
27、46 and received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1945. l The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter was issued in 1940, when the war had started in Europe. Here in America, the long economic depression on the thirties was ending. But certain feelings that had had been kindled by the depre
28、ssion remained; the war would take them over, transforming some of them slightly, amplifying others. One of these was a feeling for the “little” people， for the once-buried lives of the lower middle class and the poor, unearthed in the national self-consciousness produced by our economic collapse. H
29、owever mild or violent such expressions may have been however, behind them lay a sense that it was here, among the little people, that one would find whatever was left of honesty, courage, decency, true gentleness and love. Powerless they might be, and incapable of either the grand tragedy or high c
30、omedy of the prosperous, but they were real, in touch with the fundamental rhythms of life. And their survival seemed important far out of proportion to their influence over those events of which they were, in fact, often the victims. Such sentiments as these were rooted so deeply in the depression
31、the approaching war, and our instinct that only simplest, most fundamental forms of life might possess the virtues that would enable them to survive complex events. And they were given sentimental encouragement in the literature of the period. A lot of works issued at this period focused their atten
32、tion upon the American lower classes, describing their despair， helplessness and loneliness and finding among them virtues of humor， courage and sympathy that elevated them. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter can be placed in this broad tradition. All the characters are little people, and there are no gre
33、at events in the novel, only events that mark almost silently, a few. obscure lives. The location is a Southern mill town, by its very nature isolated not only from the rest of the world but from the rest of America. News of growinig European crisis filters in through the radio, but is scarcely unde
34、rstood. It is a silent, stagnant town. In such an environment, Mrs. McCullers locates her people, moving the focus of our attention from one to the other while carefully weaving the threads of their lives together: Singer, a deaf mute; Mic、 a girl growing into the adolescence; Biff, a caft owner; Ja
35、ke， a transient revolutionary; Dr. Copelan 山 a Negro physician, and others whose lives are tired to theirs. With its publication McCullers first gave foil expression to a concern that was to be the basis of almost everything she would 2 write-a concern for mans “spiritual isolation/ his revolt again
36、st that isolation and his need to achieve a perfect communion with others. She also introduced in this first novel that particular type of character the grotesque*, who, because of his peculiar incapacity or deformity, most movingly dramatizes the plight of human being in isolation. McCullers won re
37、markably high compliments and wide recognition for her works, especially during the 1940s. Though her fame began to dim later, she remains an important American writer for her unique style and great insight into humans innermost world. Despite the fact, her name was still not well-known in China. Un
38、til 2005, only one of her works, the novella The Ballad of Sad Cafe was translated into Chinese and insufficient research was done about her and her works. However, this situation has been improved since 2005. Her novels The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and The Member of the Wedding has been translated
39、into Chinese and loads of newly published books on American literature cover her woric and comment on her influence. She is arousing more and more attention and interest in China. Still she deserves more academic research for her wonderful writing skills and insightful perception into human nature.
40、Thus this thesis will offer a few remarks so that it might draw more attention to this American writer. It will analyze the theme of loneliness on The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter from the perspective of social psychology and ethic philosophy, and dig out the root causes of loneliness that prevailed in
41、modem America. Chapter One Carson McCulIerss Persistence in the Theme of Loneliness Carson McCullers produced a small body works which are fraught with people who were spiritually isolated, lonely, and alienated. If we trace her life story and take a close look at the historical and literary backgro
42、und of the Southern States, we may find the reasons. 1.1. Life Experience and Its Influence on the Authors Writing Since Carson McCullers， gifts as a novelist are essentially remarkable and sad， it is appropriate that the simple facts of her life should evoke both wonder and melancholy and help us d
43、elve into the reasons why she chose spiritual isolation and loneliness as the theme of her works. She was bom Lula Carson Smith in Columbus, Georgia, on February 19,1917, of French Hugeuneot and Irish ancestry. Lamar Smith, her father, had come a few years earlier from Society Hill， Alabama and her
44、mother, Marguerite Waters, had been bom in Dublin, Georgia. From an early age, Carson was recognized as an odd, lonely girl of uncommon talents and her parents tried to be especially sensitive to her needs. When at five, she revealed a passion for music， her father bought a piano; when, at fifteen s
45、he first began to shape plays and stories， he came home one day with a typewriter. To both the piano and the typewriter she devoted an unusual amount of energy. She was later to recall that she began to write plays, which were thick with incest, lunacy and murder, during her girlhood and her idol wa
46、s Eugene ONeill. Supported by funds from the sale of value family ring, Carson at eighteen traveled to New Yoric to attend the Julliard School of Music. Almost immediately her dream dissolved. A girl from Columbus, with whom she had agree to room in Manhattan, claimed to have lost all the tuition money on the subway, and Carson was forced to woric instead of study. She di 山 however, register for creative writing courses at Columbia and 4