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1、Unit 1 FriendshipSection Grammar & Writing直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语( () )直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不话，叫间接引语。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用加引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。用加引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。John said，“I have worked out this maths problem.”约翰说：约翰说：“我已经算出了这道数学题。我已经算出了这道数学题。”(直接
2、引语直接引语)John said that he had worked out that maths problem.约翰说他已经算出了那道数学题约翰说他已经算出了那道数学题(间接引语间接引语)一、陈述句一、陈述句直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语应改为由直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从引导的宾语从句句(that可以省略可以省略),主句的引述动词主要有主句的引述动词主要有say，tell，repeat，explain，think等。同时，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、等。同时，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。其一般规则如下：时间状语、地点状语
3、等要作相应的变化。其一般规则如下：1.时态的变化时态的变化直接引语转换直接引语转换成间接引语时成间接引语时时态的变化时态的变化例句例句直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时She said，“I need a piece of paper.”She said that she needed a piece of paper.He said，“Im doing my homework.”He said that he was doing his homework.Xiao Ming
4、said，“I have seen the film.”Xiao Ming said he had seen the film.直接引语转换直接引语转换成成间接引语时间接引语时时态的变化时态的变化例句例句直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时She said，“John told me about his past three days ago.”She said John had told her about his past three days before.He said，
5、“The train had left before 11 oclock.”He said that the train had left before 11 oclockBetty said，“Ill be waiting for your call.”Betty said she would be waiting for my call.注意注意下列情况下，直接引语变间接引语时时态不变：下列情况下，直接引语变间接引语时时态不变：主句的谓语动词时态为一般现在时或一般将来时。主句的谓语动词时态为一般现在时或一般将来时。“Li Ming does well in English，”says Li
6、ng Ling.Ling Ling says that Li Ming does well in English.直接引语陈述的是客观事实或真理。直接引语陈述的是客观事实或真理。“The earth goes around the sun，”said our teacher.Our teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.直接引语中有明确的表示过去的时间状语。直接引语中有明确的表示过去的时间状语。“I was employed by the company in 1998，”the young man told me.The young
7、man told me that he was employed by the company in 1998.2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化直接引语转换直接引语转换成间接引语成间接引语时词的变化时词的变化例句例句直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语thesethose这些这些那些那些nowthen现在现在那时那时todaythat day今天今天那天那天He said，“These books are mine.”He said that those books were his.She said，“Its 8 oclock now.”She
8、 said that it was 8 oclock then.He said，“Tom isnt present today.”He said that Tom wasnt present that day.直接引语转换直接引语转换成间接引语成间接引语时词的变化时词的变化例句例句直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语yesterdaythe day before昨天昨天前一天前一天tomorrowthenext/followingday明天明天第二天第二天She said，“I was late for school yesterday.”She said that she had been la
9、te for school the day before.Tom said，“I will go to Beijing tomorrow.”Tom said that he would go to Beijing the next/following day.直接引语转换直接引语转换成间接引语成间接引语时词的变化时词的变化例句例句直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语agobefore以前以前herethere这里这里那里那里thisthat这个这个那个那个comego来来去去He said，“My sister was here three days ago.”He said that his s
10、ister had been there three days before.She said，“I will come here this evening.”She said that she would go there that evening.注意注意如果在说话地转述，如果在说话地转述，here不必改为不必改为there，动词，动词come不必改为不必改为go；如果在当天转述，；如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间等时间状语也不必改变。状语也不必改变。3.人称代词的变化人称代词的变化(1)一随主：若直接引语中有第一人称，变间接引语时应与主一随主：若直接引语中有第一
11、人称，变间接引语时应与主句中主语的人称相一致。句中主语的人称相一致。(2)二随宾：若直接引语中有第二人称，变间接引语时应与主二随宾：若直接引语中有第二人称，变间接引语时应与主句中宾语的人称相一致。句中宾语的人称相一致。(3)第三人称不更新：直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语时不第三人称不更新：直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语时不需变化。需变化。John said，“Ill try my best to help you.”John said (that)he would try his best to help me.Mary said，“Jane is in the reading room no
12、w.”Mary said (that)Jane was in the reading room then.二、疑问句二、疑问句直接引语是疑问句时，间接引语要用陈述句语序，主句的谓直接引语是疑问句时，间接引语要用陈述句语序，主句的谓语动词常用语动词常用ask，或改为，或改为wonder，do not know等。等。1.若直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句，变间接引语时若直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句，变间接引语时将直接引语变为由将直接引语变为由it或或whether引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。“Are you good at English？”Mary asked.Mary asked i
13、f/whether I was good at English.“You have worked here for a long time，havent you？”he asked.He asked (me)if/whether I had worked there for a long time.2.若直接引语为特殊疑问句，则将直接引语变为由特殊疑若直接引语为特殊疑问句，则将直接引语变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。问词引导的宾语从句。“Where are you from？”the boss asked me.The boss asked me where I was from. 3 . 若
14、 直 接 引 语 是 选 择 疑 问 句 ， 则 将 直 接 引 语 变 为若 直 接 引 语 是 选 择 疑 问 句 ， 则 将 直 接 引 语 变 为whether.or.引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。“Do you want to go home or stay here？”she asked.She asked (me)whether I wanted to go home or stay there.将下列直接引语变成间接引语将下列直接引语变成间接引语(每空一词每空一词)1He said，“I am living with my old brother.”He said that
15、_ _ _ with _ old brother.2She asked us，“Do you want to go on a picnic？”She asked us _ _ _ to go on a picnic.3“How much have we spent on petrol this year，”Susan asked her husband.Susan asked her husband how much they _ _ on petrol _ year.he was livinghisif we wantedthathad spent4I asked her，“What are
16、 you going to do tomorrow？”I asked her what _ _ going to do _ _ _5My friend Linda said to me，“I saw the film three days ago.”My friend Linda _ me that _ _ _ the film three days _she wasthetoldbeforenext day she had seen .单项填空单项填空1When Tom _，please let me know.Mary said when Tom _，just told her about
17、 it.Acomes；comesBcame；cameCcomes；came Dcomes；coming解析：选解析：选C。第一空应用一般现在时表将来；由。第一空应用一般现在时表将来；由said知第二空知第二空应用一般过去时。应用一般过去时。2The child asked his mother _ go out to play tennis.Athat he could Bif he couldCif could he Dthat could be解析：选解析：选B。由句意知应用。由句意知应用if/whether引导此宾语从句引导此宾语从句，且用且用陈述句语序。陈述句语序。3Milke sai
18、d he would come back to China _Atomorrow Bnext dayCthe next day Dthe day before解析：选解析：选C。直接引语变间接引语时。直接引语变间接引语时，时间状语时间状语tomorrow应应相应地变为相应地变为the next day。4The teacher said that the sun _ bigger than the moon.Ais BwasChas Dhave解析：选解析：选A。考查直接引语变为间接引语。直接引语变为间。考查直接引语变为间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语时接引语时，若直接引语为客观真理若直接引语为
19、客观真理，则变为间接引语时时态则变为间接引语时时态不变不变，故选故选is。5The little girl told him that she had watched the wonderful football match_Atoday BtomorrowCthe month before Dthe next month解析：选解析：选C。told后是一个间接引语后是一个间接引语，时态是过去完成时时态是过去完成时，因因此时间状语不可能是此时间状语不可能是A、B或或D，因为将来时间状语要用过去因为将来时间状语要用过去将来时。将来时。写一封建议信写一封建议信 写法指导写法指导建议信一般分为三个部
20、分：建议信一般分为三个部分：开头：针对对方对自己的信任简单表示感谢，亦可表明自己开头：针对对方对自己的信任简单表示感谢，亦可表明自己的诚意。建议信的开头要说明建议的前提和事情的原委，对的诚意。建议信的开头要说明建议的前提和事情的原委，对自己的立场做一些解释。自己的立场做一些解释。主体：围绕问题委婉地提出建议。表达时应该选择得体的用主体：围绕问题委婉地提出建议。表达时应该选择得体的用语，切忌用语生硬强制。在提建议的过程中一定要抓住问题语，切忌用语生硬强制。在提建议的过程中一定要抓住问题的关键，努力做到语言简短有力。的关键，努力做到语言简短有力。结尾：表达自己的愿望。希望自己的建议能对对方有所帮助
21、结尾：表达自己的愿望。希望自己的建议能对对方有所帮助,同时阐明你所提供的建议仅供对方参考。同时阐明你所提供的建议仅供对方参考。常用表达常用表达开头开头常用常用句式句式表达表达建议建议常用常用句式句式1.I am writing to express my views/ideas about.2.Im sorry (that)you are having trouble/difficulty/problems in.3.Its my great pleasure to give you some suggestions/advice/tips.4.I think you can make it
22、if you follow the advice below.5.Here are a few suggestions.1.As far as I am concerned，./In my opinion，.2.It would be a good idea if.3.If I were you，I would.3.For one thing，.For another，.4.In the first place/Firstly/First，.Secondly/Second，.Last but not least(最后但并非最不重要的最后但并非最不重要的)，.结尾常用结尾常用句式句式1.Thes
23、e are only my personal suggestions.I hope you will find them useful/helpful.2.I will highly appreciate your consideration of my advice/suggestions/tips.3.I am looking forward to your reply.假如你是李华假如你是李华,你的好朋友苏茹在交友方面存在着一些困难，你的好朋友苏茹在交友方面存在着一些困难，请根据下面提示给他写一封信。词数请根据下面提示给他写一封信。词数100个左右。个左右。1要交朋友首先要成为一个朋友；
24、要交朋友首先要成为一个朋友；2要和朋友同甘共苦，患难之中的朋友才是真正的朋友；要和朋友同甘共苦，患难之中的朋友才是真正的朋友；3友谊需要时间的投入友谊需要时间的投入(effort)。词句推敲词句推敲1词汇：词汇：成为一个朋友成为一个朋友_交朋友交朋友 _与与分享分享 _全身心投入全身心投入 _需要需要 _be a friendmake friendsshare.withput ones heart into.call for/need2句式：句式：要交朋友你应该首先成为一个朋友。要交朋友你应该首先成为一个朋友。一般表达：一般表达：You should be a friend if you wa
25、nt to make friends.高级表达：高级表达：(用用why not改写上面句子改写上面句子)_患难之中的朋友才是真正的朋友。患难之中的朋友才是真正的朋友。一般表达：一般表达：A friend in need is a friend indeed.高级表达：高级表达：(在上面句子前加入在上面句子前加入Just as a saying goes)_Why not be a friend if you want to make friends?just as a saying goes，a friend in need is a friend indeed.你应该全心全意地来交朋友。你应
26、该全心全意地来交朋友。一般表达：一般表达：You should put your heart into making friends.高级表达：高级表达：(把上面句子改成否定疑问句把上面句子改成否定疑问句Wouldnt it be a good idea if.)_我们都知道交友需要时间和投入。我们都知道交友需要时间和投入。一般表达：一般表达：We all know that friendship calls for time and effort.高级表达：高级表达：(使用形式主语改写上面句子使用形式主语改写上面句子)_Wouldnt it be a good idea if you put
27、 your heart into making friends?It is well known to us all that friendship calls for time and effort.妙笔成篇妙笔成篇_Dear Su Ru，I am sorry to know that you are having trouble in making friends.However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice.Here are some tips to help you.To begin with, why n
28、ot be a friend if you want to make friends？In addition, you should share happiness and sorrow with your friend.Just as a saying goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Last but not least, wouldnt it be a good idea if you put your heart into making friends？_It is well known to us all that friendship calls for time and effort.I hope you will find these ideas useful.Yours，Li Hua本部分内容讲解结束本部分内容讲解结束按按ESC键退出全屏播放键退出全屏播放