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1、2022年宁夏同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷（8）本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Passage Four Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria (疟疾) by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease. Malaria has long troubled the populations of South Ame
2、rica, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect up to 500 million people a year with this serious and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticides (杀虫剂) to wipe out local mosquito populatio
3、ns. But these measure arent working-and some scientists, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago. Lanzaro says he has a better way to stop the spread of malaria: genetically modifying mosquitoes so
4、 they are unable to carry the disease. Lanzaro and his. colleagues are planning a multi-year project to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes-and he thinks they can do it within five years. We can get foreign genes into mosquitoes and they go where theyre supposed to go, Lanzaro says, pointing out th
5、at scientists have already succeeded in genetically engineering mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria to birds and mice. And, he says, scientists are quickly making progress on genes that block transmission of the disease to humans as well. The most difficult part scientifically, Lanzaro says, is
6、figuring out how to get the lab-engineered mosquitoes to spread their genes into natural populations. After all, he points out, its useless to engineer mosquitoes in the lab that cant transmit malaria when there are millions out in the wild that can. To solve this problem, Lanzaro wants to load up a
7、 mobile piece of DNA with the malaria-resistant gene, and then insert it into a group of mosquito embryos. The malaria-resistant gene would be integrated directly into the mosquitoes DNA, making it impossible for those mosquitoes to transmit the parasite that causes malaria. In this way a small grou
8、p of lab-raised mosquitoes could be released into the wild, and by interbreeding with wild mosquitoes, eventually transmit the beneficial gene to the entire population.One reason for malaria to be widespread now is that _ Amore people have moved to malaria-infected areasBmosquitoes have become resis
9、tant to pesticidesCgenetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the diseaseDmosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year 2. Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to (56) others to buy the food they have produced or the goods the
10、y have made or the services they can (57) . But in the 19th century the mass production of goods (58) the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that (59) the development of the railway and highway made person-to-person selling too slow and ex
11、pensive. At the same time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, then radio and television, made mass selling through (60) possible. The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best (61) to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action (62)
12、 be to purchase a product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or even to join the Army. Advertising as a (63) developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest (64) . In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars, or
13、 (65) 2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.2 percent of its gross national product (66) advertising. (67) advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer, it produces benefits for the consumer (68) . Some of those economies are passed along to the purcha
14、ser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far (69) than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising (70) for the programs on commercial television and radi
15、o and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers. ArequestBobligeCaffectDpersuade 3.Passage Three When 23-year-old Eric Atienza graduated from college last Year, he didnt have a job. Not wanting to give up his apartment and move back with his parents, he did what many yo
16、ung Americans are doing: he signed up with a temp agency, which places workers on short-term jobs. Temporary workers such as Atienza comprise 20 per cent of the U.S. workforce. In 1985, 417,000 workers were classified as temporary help. In 2005, there are more than 2.5 million, according to Labour D
17、epartment data. Using temporary workers allows companies to increase or decrease the number of staff as their workloads change. It also allows companies to avoid the costs involved in hiring and firing long-term employees. Many temp agency owners and career specialists say temping is a good way for
18、recent graduates to get experience. Short-term jobs let graduates try out different companies to find the best fit, said Pegi Wheatley, owner of McCall Staffing, a San Francisco temp agency. But things dont always work out that way. when I started temping, I had this notion that a temporary job coul
19、d turn full-time. I worked for a friend of mine, but that didnt happen for me, said Atienza, who quickly became bored with his office work. Atienza stayed with the temp agency because he could earn U.S.10 an hour doing office work. Other short-term jobs, such as working as a store clerk in a cafe, p
20、ay about U.S.7. But there were trade-offs for the higher pay. Because in the U.S., health insurance is provided through employer, most temps are not eligible for workplace health benefits. Atienza ran the risk that an accident or illness would land him in the hospital with no way to pay the bill. Ot
21、her drawbacks, though less serious, still mean that temping for most graduates is exactly what its name implies- a temporary choice. Instability, gaps between contracts, lack of vacation time and isolation from other employees are often-cited negatives. Temping gave me the time to figure out what I
22、wanted to do, because I could pay off my bills. But none of that came from the jobs themselves, said Atienza, who quit temping last month in favor of a full-time job.Atienza took a short-term job mainly because _ Ahe didnt want to give up his apartmentBhe liked to try out different companiesChe want
23、ed to get more experienceDhe couldnt find a long-term job 4.Passage Five According to Scott Adams, creator of the comic strip (系列漫画) Dilbert, the annual performance review is one of the most frightening and weakening experiences in every employees life. Adams stories and comic figures poke fun at th
24、e workplace, but his characterization of peoples feelings about the annual performance review has its serious side. Although a recent study of 437 companies indicates that effective annual performance reviews can help raise profits, most employees of those companies hate them. In theory, annual perf
25、ormance reviews are constructive and positive interactions between managers and employees working together to attain maximum performance and strengthen the organization. In reality, they often create division, undermine morale, and spark anger and jealousy. Thus, although the object of the annual pe
26、rformance review is to improve performance, it often has the opposite result. A programmer at an IT firm was stunned to learn at her annual performance review that she was denied a promotion because she wasnt a team player. What were the data used to make this judgment She didnt smile in the company
27、 photo. Although this story might sound as if it came straight out of Dilbert, it is a true account of one womans experience. By following a few ideas and guidelines from industry analysis, this kind of ordeal can be avoided: To end the year with a positive and useful performance review, managers an
28、d employees must start the year by working together to establish clear goals and expectations. It may be helpful to allow employees to propose a list of people associated with the company who will be in a good position to assess their performance at the end of the year; these people may be co-worker
29、s, suppliers, or even customer. Goals should be measurable but flexible, and everyone should sign off on the plan. By checking employees progress at about nine months, managers can give them a chance to correct mistakes and provide guidance to those who need it before the year is out. When conductin
30、g the reviews, managers should highlight strengths and weaknesses during the past year and discuss future responsibilities, avoiding punishment of blame. In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about
31、 what went into their files about the past.In his comic strip Dilbert, Scott Adams _ Amakes fun of working peopleBtells a story about a woman employeeCpromotes team spirit among co-workersDmocks annual performance reviews 5.Passage Two Sea horses are unusual parents. The female sea horses lay the eg
32、gs, but unlike other creatures, its the males that give birth to the young. Male sea horses have a fold of skin on their bellies that forms pocket, called a brood pouch. During the breeding season, the sea horses pouch swells to receive eggs. A female sea horse lays up to 200 eggs at a time in the p
33、ouch. Then she swims off, leaving her male partner to care for the developing eggs and give birth to young sea horses. The female will return everyday to check on her mate and the eggs, but she doesnt stay long, nor does she take part in the birth. It takes from two to six weeks for the eggs in the
34、males pouch to develop. During this time the male avoids open water and hides in sea grass. His big pouch makes it difficult for him to swim, so the male often uses his tail to grasp a piece of sea grass. Firmly gripping the grass, he will stay perfectly still for hours or even days. The male sea ho
35、rse will change his color to blend with his surroundings and avoid being seen by predators who will try to eat him or poke holes in his pouch to get the eggs. The eggs hatch inside the males pouch. When the babies begin moving around, the male sea horse knows its time for them to be born. He grabs a
36、 sea grass stem with his tail and begins rocking, bending, and stretching his body so that the rest of the babies can be born. Sometimes he has to press his pouch against a rock Or some stiff seaweed to force the young out. Sea horse babies are born in groups of five or more. Sometimes it takes two
37、days for the father sea horse to give birth to all his young. He is very tired when its over. Soon after giving birth to one brood, the male will approach his mate and show her his empty pouch. This tells her he is ready to receive eggs again.To protect himself and his eggs, the male sea horse does
38、all the following EXCEPT _ Achanging his colorBgripping a piece of grassCstaying motionlessDenlarging his pouch 6. Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to (56) others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the
39、services they can (57) . But in the 19th century the mass production of goods (58) the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that (59) the development of the railway and highway made person-to-person selling too slow and expensive. At the sam
40、e time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, then radio and television, made mass selling through (60) possible. The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best (61) to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action (62) be to purchase a p
41、roduct, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or even to join the Army. Advertising as a (63) developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest (64) . In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars, or (65) 2 percent of
42、the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.2 percent of its gross national product (66) advertising. (67) advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer, it produces benefits for the consumer (68) . Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cos
43、t of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far (69) than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising (70) for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two
44、 thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers. AtransferBsecureCenjoyDperform 7.Passage One At all ages and at all stages of life, fear presents a problem to almost everyone. We are largely the playthings of our fears, wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. To one, fear
45、 of the dark; to another, of physical pain; to a third, of public ridicule; to a fourth, of poverty; to a fifth, of loneliness-for all of us our particular creature waits in a hidden place. Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your
46、 heartbeat and responses quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline (肾上激素) are poured into your bloodstream. Confronted with a fire or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight (逃离). Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical
47、, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that it becomes a problem. Some people are simply more vulnerable to fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of t
48、heir births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more sensitive. Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded