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1、2021职称英语考试真题卷（6）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Old Mothers Children Have Higher Diabetes (糖尿病) Risk Children of older mothers run a higher risk of developing insulin-dependent (胰岛素依赖型的) diabetes, the British Medical Journal said. A strong association was
2、found between increasing maternal (母亲的) age at delivery and risk of (insulin-dependent) diabetes in the child. Risk was highest in firstborn children and decreased progressively with higher birth order, Professor Edwin Gale and colleagues at Southmead Hospital in Bristol said. Diabetes is a serious,
3、 incurable, lifelong disease characterized (以.作为特性) by all inability to control the amount of sugar in the blood. Insulin-dependent diabetes, which mainly affects children, is treated by administering the hormone insulin. Gale looked into 1,375 families in the Oxford area where one or more children
4、had diabetes and found that the risk of a child developing insulin-dependent diabetes increased by 25 percent for each five-year band of the mothers age. The risk of developing diabetes was also linked to the age of the father. For every five-year band of the fathers age the risk of the child develo
5、ping diabetes increased by nine percent. The risk of diabetes was high est among the firstborn children of mothers who started their families late and the risk decreased by about 15 percent for each subsequent child, the BMJ said. The older the mother, the earlier the start of insulin-dependent diab
6、etes in the child. Other studies have already shown that children born to older mothers, over the age of 35, have an increased risk of diabetes but this study is the first to establish that risk increases continuously in relation to increasing maternal age, Dr. Polly Bingley of Southmead Hospital to
7、ld Reuters (路透社). The new study is the first to show that risk is related to birth order. The study also partly explains increasing diabetes. Between 1970 and 1996 the proportion of children born to mothers aged between 30 and 34 increased to 28 percent from 15 percent and this could account for ris
8、ing numbers of childhood diabetes patients, the scientists said in the alarming increase in the rate of (insulin-dependent) diabetes among children in recent years. This study may well provide a clue to the understanding of this problem. It is most likely that there are a number of factors to explai
9、n the increase, Diabetes UK said. There are some 1.4 million diagnosed diabetes sufferers in Britain, the charity Diabetes UK said. Of these 1.4 million sufferers there are 20,000 people under age 20 who suffer from insulin-dependent diabetes.According to the passage, the alarming increase in the ra
10、te of diabetes among children in the UK may partly be explained by the rise in_.Athe incidence of diabetes in the whole countryBthe proportion of children born to mothers aged above 30Cthe supply of diabetes medicinesDthe number of newborn babies 2.The Asian Flu Virus In 1957, a doctor in Singapore
11、noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenza-like cases. Influenza is sometimes called flu or as bad cold. He took specimens from the throats of patients in his hospital and was able to find the virus of this influenza. There are three main types of the influenza virus. The mo
12、st important of these are types A and B, each of them having several sub-groups. With the instruments at the hospital the doctor recognized that the outbreak was due to a virus group A, but he did not know the sub-group. He reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. W. H. 0. p
13、ublished the important news alongside reports of a similar outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15%-20% of the population had become ill. As soon as the London doctors received the package of throat samples, they began the standard tests. They found that by reproducing itself at a very high speed, the
14、 virus had multiplied more than a million times within two days. Continuing their careful tests, the doctors checked the effect of drugs used against all the known sub-groups of type A virus on this virus. None of them gave any protection. This then, was something new: a new influenza virus against
15、which the people of the world had no ready help whatsoever. Having isolated the virus they were working with, the two doctors now conducted tests on some specially selected animals, which contract influenza in the same way as human beings do. In a short time the usual signs of the disease appeared.
16、These experiments revealed that the new virus spread easily, but that it was not a killer. Scientists, like general public, called it simply Asian flu.It can be inferred from this passage that the Asian flu _.Acould not be cured by any known drugBcould be cured quite easilyCwas a deadly diseaseDhad
17、been known before 3.Richard Wagner Richard Wagner (1813 1883) is regarded by many The Revolutionist of Opera, who demolished all old forms, and who reconstructed the music drama principles entirely his own. In the strictest , this belief is not justified, for Wagner simply returned to the oldest ver
18、sion of the music drama. He found that the ideal construction of the opera in Florence had been to produce work in which the music, drama and interpretation should be equal importance. Wagner studied the changes and abuses which Gluck had correct, and found that the opera of the nineteenth century h
19、ad back into many of the old customs, with the result, that there was no longer a complete of the three fundamentals of opera. Wagner tells us in his autobiography that his early life was influenced by the dramas of Shakespear, the symphonies of Beethoven, and the operas of Von Weber. His first oper
20、as were constructed on the lines of the French grand opera. The first two were absolute failures, but with the of Rienzi in 1842, Wagner was proclaimed the equal, if not the superior, Bellini, Donizetti and Meyerbeer. In the writing of this work he had discovered the dramatic absurdities of the form
21、, in his next work, The Flying Dutchman, he attempted his first important use of the leit motif, or characteristic , for his different personages , and also used these themes, in anticipation of the advent of his characters, in a manner he later described as making the audience a part of the being.
22、his way to Dresden to conduct Rienzi, Wagner visited the Wartburg Castle, and there he became familiar the legendary stories which he used in all his later works. Tannhauser gives an actual description of the Minnesinger Knights, who inspired Wagner Teutonic versions of The Ring of the Nibelungs, Lo
23、hengrin ,Tristan and Isolde and Parsifal.AofBinConDfrom 4.Medicine1. Medicine is the science and art of healing. It is a science because it is based on knowledge gained through careful study and experimentation. It is an art because it depends on how skillfully doctors and other medical workers appl
24、y this knowledge when dealing with patients.2. The goals of medicine are to save lives, to relieve suffering, and to maintain the dignity of ill individuals. For this reason, medicine has long been one of the most respected professions. Thousands of men and women who work in the medical profession s
25、pend their lives caring for the sick. When disaster strikes, hospital workers rush emergency aid to the injured. When epidemics threaten, doctors and nurses work to prevent the spread of disease. Researchers in the medical profession continually search for better ways of fighting disease.3. Human be
26、ings have suffered from illnesses since they first appeared on the earth. Throughout most of this time, they knew little about how the human body works or what causes disease. Treatment was based largely on superstition and guesswork.4. However, medicine has made tremendous progress in the last seve
27、ral hundred years. Today, it is possible to cure, control, or prevent hundreds of diseases. People live longer than they did in the past as a result of new drugs, machines, and surgical operations. Medical progress in the control of infectious diseases, improvements in health care programs for mothe
28、rs and children, and better nutrition, sanitation, and living conditions have given people a longer life expectancy.5. As medicine has become more scientific, it has also become more complicated. In the past, doctors cared for patients almost single-handedly. Patients received treatment at home for
29、most kinds of illnesses. Today , doctors no longer work by themselves. Instead. They head medical teams made up of nurses, laboratory workers, and many other skilled professionals. The care provided by such teams cannot generally be started at home. As a result, clinics and hospitals have become the
30、 chief centers for medical care in most countries.A. In ancient tribes, treatment was executed by witch doctors and based largely on superstition.B. Today, extensive knowledge and sophisticated medical techniques make possible the cure, control, and prevention of hundreds of diseaseC. The goals of m
31、edicine involve life rescuing, pain reducing, and dignity maintainingD. Control of infectious diseases is given as a reason for a longer a lifeE. School infirmaries appear as a result of increasing complicated medical workF. Medical care is now provided for patients in hospitals by a medical team co
32、nsisting of doctors, nurses, and laboratory workersDoctors apply the knowledge gained through_. 5.Nurses The physicians in a hospital form the core of the medical staff. But they could not provide effective medical care to their patients without the help of numerous other medical workers. From the a
33、ngle of the patients, the nursing staff is particularly important. Nurses are usually in close contact with patients as long as they are in the hospital. A nurse does not study for as many years as a doctor. However, each must be equally trained. Caring for sick persons requires a great deal of pati
34、ence and concern. Most nurses work long days, and they often must work at odd hours or during the night. The nursing staff in a hospital is usually quite large and various. Nursing services, after all, must be provided on a 24-hour basis. There are professional (专业的) nurses, practical nurses, nurses
35、 aids, and orderlies (勤杂工). The general term nurse refers to a person trained to offer bedside care to sick persons. Under the supervision (管理) of the head nurse, the nursing staff in a hospital ward must attend to patients needs. This responsibility continues around the clock, and so nurses must wo
36、rk in shifts. A shift is a period of duty, usually eight hours in length. The nurses on the ward rotate (轮换) their shifts. Some take turns working night duty; others work odd shifts. All of them work out of a central area on the ward called the nurses station. A nurse must always be on her guard. Sh
37、e can never afford to be careless. This is true in all nursing situations , but it is especially true in the intensive care unit. Patients under intensive care are critically ill, and they must be monitored at all times. The nurses who do intensive care duty have one of the most demanding jobs in th
38、e hospital.The nurses station is the only place where nurses in a hospital ward can be found.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned 6.A New Method to Kill AIDS Virus _(46). But researchers wont know for a year or more whether it will work, scientist David Ho told journalists here Wednesday for the Fourth Confer
39、ence in Viruses and Infections. This is a study thats in progress, said Ho, head of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York. The study involves 20 people who started combinations of anti-HIV drugs very early in the course of the disease, within 90 days of their infections. Theyve been treat
40、ed for up to 18 months. Four others have dropped out because of side effects or problems complying with the exacting drug system. The drugs have knocked the AIDS virus down to undetectable levels in the blood of all remaining patients. And, in the latest development, scientists have now tested lymph
41、 nodes (淋巴结) and semen (精液) from a few patients and found no virus reproducing there._(47). Ho has calculated that the drugs should be able to wipe out remaining virusesat least from known reservoirs throughout the bodyin two to three years._(48). Oh Wednesday, Ho said he wouldnt ask any patient to
42、consider that step before 2.5 years of treatment. And he emphasized that he is not urging widespread adoption of such early, aggressive treatment outside of trials._(49). _(50). A federally funded study will put 300 patients on triple-drug treatments and then see if some responding well after six mo
43、nths can continue to suppress the virus on just one or two drugs, says researcher Douglas Richman of the University of California, San Diego. Some patients in that study also may be offered the chance to stop therapy after 18 months or more, he says.A. The attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus continu
44、es to be hopeful.B. But the only way to prove eradication would be to stop the drugs and see if the virus comes back.C. But other scientists are looking at similar experiments.D. Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal absent, Ho says.E. No one knows the long-term risks.F. A high-profile attem
45、pt to eradicate the AIDS virus in a few patients continues to show promise. 7.The Asian Flu Virus In 1957, a doctor in Singapore noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenza-like cases. Influenza is sometimes called flu or as bad cold. He took specimens from the throats of pat
46、ients in his hospital and was able to find the virus of this influenza. There are three main types of the influenza virus. The most important of these are types A and B, each of them having several sub-groups. With the instruments at the hospital the doctor recognized that the outbreak was due to a
47、virus group A, but he did not know the sub-group. He reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. W. H. 0. published the important news alongside reports of a similar outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15%-20% of the population had become ill. As soon as the London doctors recei
48、ved the package of throat samples, they began the standard tests. They found that by reproducing itself at a very high speed, the virus had multiplied more than a million times within two days. Continuing their careful tests, the doctors checked the effect of drugs used against all the known sub-groups of type A virus on this virus. None of them gave any protection. This then, was something new: a new influenza virus against which the people of the world had no ready help whatsoever. Having isolated the