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1、2022职称英语考试真题卷（9）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.B第二篇/BBListening to Birdsong/B A male zebra finch(雀科呜鸟)chirps(呜)away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird nearby. He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell
2、the difference in his performance According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills (啭音)he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell the diff
3、erence. Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female(and potential mate) nearby. With an audience,the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used. For this study,researc
4、hers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past. In the study,Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. Ore broadcast the sound of a m
5、ale zebra finch singing to himself,like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience,as if he was giving a concert. Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates,others didnt. The females shifted around a bit, and
6、 then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience,even if theyd never met the male. Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs. One from an unknown male, and one from their m
7、ate. They spent more time listening to the concert version of their matessongs. This suggests that after a while,females learn to recognize - and prefer - the songs of their mates. Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up(活跃起来)when the birds
8、listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them. his research deals with whats called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the w
9、ay moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter(喋喋不休),and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication in this case their songs.Which of the following is true about
10、birdsongs AFemale zebra finches are too shy to sing before malesBMale zebra finches sing louder than femalesCMale zebra finches change their songs to attract femalesDFemale zebra finches like to listen to unknown males sing 2.下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。B第一篇/BBYouth Emancipation in Spain/B
11、 The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest. Around 55 percent of people aged 1834 in Spain still sleep in their parents home,says the latest report from the countrys state-run Institute of You
12、th. To coax(劝诱) young people from their homes,the Institute started a Youth Emancipation(解放) programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs. Economists blame young peoples family dependence on the precarious(不稳定的)labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing pri
13、ces have risen 17 percent a year since 2000. Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem,say sociologists(社会学家). Family ties in south Europe - Italy, Portugal and Greece - are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report The Late
14、Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding. In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized, said Minguez. In Spain - especially in the countryside,it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousin
15、s, nieces and nephews(外甥/侄子)all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner. Parents tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules. A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain hell
16、 put up a fight and call the father a fascist, said Jos Antonio Gmez Yanez,a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid. Mothers willingness to do childrens household chores(家务)worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid,has three children in their 20s. The eldest 28, hasa girlf
17、riend and a job. But life with mum is good. His mum does the wash and cooks for him;in the end,he lives well, Masso said.The Youth Emancipation programme aims at helping young people Alive in an independent wayBfight for freedomCfight against social injusticeDget rid of family responsibilities 3.下面的
18、短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。BSharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters/B It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to U (51) /U people frequently. Although these fish perform a valuable U (52) /U for earths waters and for human beings. Yet busine
19、ss and sport fishing are threatening their U (53) /U. As a result, some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth. Warm weather may influence both fish and shark U (54) /U. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their U (55) /U waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same a
20、reas, U (56) /U people also swim. In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person U (57) /U a sea animal,such as a seal(海豹)or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sha
21、rks are looking for U (58) /U Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry(珠宝)may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of U (59) /U ,with which it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals U (60) /U by animals. These powe
22、rful senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish,any U (61) /U sharks,and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense and immune (免疫的) U (62) /U against disease. Researchers know that sharks U (63) /U quickly from injuries. They study t
23、he shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the worlds oceans. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their U (64) /U activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too U (65) /U. This protects the plants and other forms of life that
24、 exist in the oceans. AmeetBattackCrecognizeDvisit 4.B第三篇/BBThe Robot Man/B According to Hans Moravec,universal robots will take over all the physical activities that we engage in,leaving us with little to do. Moravec sees four generations on the road to true universal robots. The first generation w
25、ill be here by 2010 and will consist of free-ranging robots that can navigate by building an internal mental map of their surroundings. In new situations theyll be able to adapt, unlike todays mobile industrial robots. These robots will have the computing power to cope with simple speech and text re
26、cognition,and will be used for tasks such as domestic cleaning. The second generation will arrive around 2020 and will be distinguished by the ability to learn. Second generation robots are programmed with sets of primitive tasks and with feedback that providepleasure and painstimuli. For example,a
27、collision provokes a negative response,a completed task would be positive. ove forward another ten years to 2030 and you get to generation three. This robot can build internal simulations of the world around it. Before beginning a task, it can imagine what will happen in order to predict problems. I
28、f it has a free moment,it can replay past experiences and try variations in order to find a better way of doing things next time. It could even observe a person or another robot performing a task and learn by imitation. For the first time,we have here a robot that can think. By the time we get to ge
29、neration four in 2040, Moravec predicts that robots will be able to match hu- man reasoning and behaviour; generalise abstract ideas from specific experience; and, conversely, compile detailed plans of action from general commands such asearn a living or make more robots The Moravec manifesto(宣告)run
30、s something like this. As robots start to become useful in generation one,theyll begin to take on many tasks in industry. Driven by the availability of this cheap and tireless labour force,the economy will boom and the demand for robots will grow so rapidly that they will soon become low-cost commod
31、ity items. So much so that theyll move into the home,where the domestic robot will relieve us of many chores. With increasing automation in generations two and three, the length of the average working day will plummet,eventually to near zero. Most people will be unemployed as robots take over not ju
32、st primary industry, but the service economy too. Moravec sees the fourth generation as an opportunity to surpass our human limitations. These future machines will be our mind children. Like biological children of previous generations, they will embody humanitys best hope for a long-term future.What
33、 will be the distinctive feature of the second generation robots AThey will be able to learn by themselvesBThey will be able to recognize speeches and textsCThey will be able to predict problemsDThey will be able to match human reasoning and behaviour 5.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请
34、选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。BWater - the Issue of This Century/B The world is running short of fresh water. Populations are growing bigger and thirstier(渴的), with the result that fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce(缺乏). Half the worlds wetlands have disappeared during the last c
35、entury, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the worlds population,concentrated in Aflica. the Middle East and south Asia, will face severe water shortages by 2025. Local water conflicts and the IOSS of
36、freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions. A similar picture emerges from the globes salt water regions. Three-quarters of the worlds people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries(渔业)are exploited at or b
37、eyond their sustainable limits,and half the worlds coral reefs(珊瑚礁)may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 340/oo of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says. The report concludes that there is ample evidence to Justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguar
38、d supplies and use water more efficiently. Fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. A third of the worlds population - around two billion people - live in countries that are exper
39、iening moderate to high water shortages. That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions(制度)change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water. China is one country where the portents(征兆)are gloomy, the most water-stressed country in East Asia. China is
40、exploiting 44% of its usable water,a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although Chinas total use appears still to be reasonable, it has sev
41、eral basins that are severely stressed environmentally. Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and will exceed them in India by 2020. In the Middle East and North Africa, only Morocco has unexploited water resources. The rest hlave exceeded environmental limits and many
42、 are mining aquifers (蓄水层) - bodies of water-bearing rock - the report says.The world Bank report implies that urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies. A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 6.下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 My Life at Renda I learned very quickly that
43、 being a teaching assistant(TA)at the University of Iowa would be different from being a teacher at Renmin University. (46) Eyes staring, mouths open, students examined my big nose, while was writing my name on the blackboard. At Iowa,when my first classes began,half of my students still hadnt arriv
44、ed. When veryone finally found a seat,ringing cell phones and loud yawns(哈欠)interrupted my opening remarks. It is not that American students were disrespectful. (47) They were, however, far more skeptical than the students I had at Renda. The truth is I Couldnt fault them for their skepticism. Under
45、graduates at large US universities - especially freshmen and sophomores - often have several classes a semester handled by TAs. In some cases,the TA sets the course content. (48) Most have good intentions,hut very few are as effective as professors. Every teacher has to confront obstacles to learnin
46、g - no matter what the culture. Students who talk during lectures,students who cheat, students who question the grade they get for a paper or project - dealing with these is all part of the job. (49) The difference,I think,is that in the US I had to swallow more of my pride. (50) I had a responsibil
47、ity to teach them, of course, but I had to do so indirectly - as a guide who himself had a few things to learn from the students. A. Back at Renda,1 had walked into my first classes feeling like a celebrity. B. In my students minds,I had little to offer them,except perhaps some sample questions for the mid-term exam. C. In others, the TA work