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1、2022年北京职称英语考试真题卷（9）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.第二篇：Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader . Each of us is different .Psy
2、chologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .Some psychologists say there is one type of intell
3、igence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words ,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests ,and
4、 written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test ,do the same on all tests .Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a q
5、uicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .Howard Gardner , a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education ,has four children .He believes that all children are differen
6、t and shouldnt be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists , he doesnt think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kind
7、s of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the
8、Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bo
9、dy-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .According to Gardner, schools should _ .Atest students IQs .Bpromote development of all intelligences .Ctrain students who do poorly on tests .Dfocus on finding the most intelligent students . 2.Eye Problems1 . Our eyes are under a great deal of strain these d
10、ays as computer work, televisionviewing, night driving, and even sunshine are making exceptional demands . Sunlight,especially in the summer, is now regarded as one cause of cataracts(白内障)2 . The thinning of the ozone (臭氧) layer means more short-wave ultraviolet (UV) rays(紫外线) are reaching the earth
11、, and these are the biggest risk factor for clouding the lensof the eye. Ultraviolet rays increase the risk of changes to the cornea (角膜) causingclouded vision and eventually cataracts. The rays can be shielded only by anti-UV lensesHowever, our eyes are not sufficiently protected by fashion sunglas
12、ses.3 . “Poor night vision and eye fatigue are noticeably more common, and there has beena big increase in minor eye complaints in the over-40s,” says Dr . Mireille Bonnet, who more than 100,000 times a day and that everyone should learn to exercise their eyemuscles and allow them to rest .4 . It wa
13、s traditionally thought that near- or far- sightedness were inherited conditionsand could not be influenced by environmental factors. but new research is challengingthis assumption .5. Recent studies suggest that up to 80 percent of schoolchildren in the United Statesand western Europe are nearsight
14、ed. Years of focusing on close, two- dimensional workcauses most children to become at least slightly nearsighted by the age of 10, say theresearchers.6 . Problems with night vision, which affect around 25 percent of people, are also on theincrease because of computer use . Using computer screens me
15、ans the eye mustoperate in electromagnetic fields (电磁场) that make it work harder. It is estimated that 25to 30 percent of people have eye conditions, such as difficulty with night vision, whichresult from staring at a screen .We used to believe that near- or far sightedness were inherited from _ 3.S
16、ome Schooling on BackpacksAccording to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 5.900 kids were treated at hospital emergency rooms, clinics, and doctorsoffices last year for sprians(扭伤)and strains caused by backpacks. Such injunes are so widespread that more than 70 percent of physicians as a p
17、otential clinical problem for children.How do you avoid such problems Choose bags that have wide, padded straps(有垫的背带)and a belt. That will help transfer some of the weight from the back and shoulders to the hips. You should also tighten both straps firmly, so the pack rests about 2 inches above you
18、r waist. Also, remember to pack your bag with the heaviest items closest to your back and to bend both knees when you pick it up.I low much should you stuff into your pack That depends on your size and strength, but a general rule is not to exceed 20 percent of your body weight. So if a child weight
19、s 100 pounds, the backpack and its load should not be more than 20 pounds. One hint: Make frequent trips to your locker(储物柜)to exchange books between classes.Backpacks with wheels let you pull the weight along the ground,but they have problems too. Many are larger than the average shoulder bag, so s
20、tudents are tempted to carry more than they would in a conventional pack.Roller bags often dont fit into a locker. They can also lead to tripping and falls in crowded halls. Whatever you use. 10 or 15 minutes of stretching and back strengthening is a good idea.Children should put all the books in th
21、eir lockers.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned 4.第一篇：The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate stude
22、nt, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI( magnetic resonance im
23、aging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This
24、 allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldnt speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scan
25、ning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Brocas area , which is believed to control speech production, and Wernickes area, which is thought to processmeaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernickes area no matter what lan
26、guage they were speaking. But their use of Brocas area was different.People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Brocas area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Brocas area for their secon
27、d language. How does Hirsch explain this difference Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over
28、 by a different part of the brain. .A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. And that is very different from learning a lan
29、guage in a high school or college class.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAstudents do better in high school than in college.Bbilingual children will learn better in college classes.Cmothers are good language teachersDit takes more time for adults to learn a second language. 5.Bedwettin
30、gMillion of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every singlenight, its so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kidsdont _ (51) their friends, so its easy to feel kind of alone, like you might bethe only one on the whole planet who wets the b
31、ed. But you are not _ (52).The fancy _ (53) for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis (夜间遗尿).Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate (排尿)， or pee, which you are_ (54), theses a good _ (55) that a close relative also did itwhen he or she was a kid. Just like you may have _ (56) your moms
32、 blue eyes or your uncles long lags , you probably inherited bedwetting too.The most important thing to remember is that no one _ (57) the bed onpurpose. It doesnt mean that youre _ (58) or a slob (懒汉). Its somethingyou cant help _ (59).For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able tofeel that
33、their bladder (膀胱) is full and dont _ (60) up to pee in the toilet.Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic _ (61) that he is in thebathroom peeing - only to wake up later and discover hes all wet . Many kids who wetthe bed are very _ (62) sleepers .Trying to wake up someone who wets t
34、he bed is often like trying to wake a log - they just stay asleep.Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night . Others wet some nights and are_ (63) on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleepat a friends or a relatives house . Thats because kids who are anxious _
35、(64)wetting the bed may-not sleep much or only very light. So the brain may be thinking.“Hey, you !Dont wet someone elses bed!” This can help you _ (65) dry evenif youre not aware of it .AfunctionBchanceCriskDability 6.Eye Problems1 . Our eyes are under a great deal of strain these days as computer
36、work, televisionviewing, night driving, and even sunshine are making exceptional demands . Sunlight,especially in the summer, is now regarded as one cause of cataracts(白内障)2 . The thinning of the ozone (臭氧) layer means more short-wave ultraviolet (UV) rays(紫外线) are reaching the earth, and these are
37、the biggest risk factor for clouding the lensof the eye. Ultraviolet rays increase the risk of changes to the cornea (角膜) causingclouded vision and eventually cataracts. The rays can be shielded only by anti-UV lensesHowever, our eyes are not sufficiently protected by fashion sunglasses.3 . “Poor ni
38、ght vision and eye fatigue are noticeably more common, and there has beena big increase in minor eye complaints in the over-40s,” says Dr . Mireille Bonnet, who more than 100,000 times a day and that everyone should learn to exercise their eyemuscles and allow them to rest .4 . It was traditionally
39、thought that near- or far- sightedness were inherited conditionsand could not be influenced by environmental factors. but new research is challengingthis assumption .5. Recent studies suggest that up to 80 percent of schoolchildren in the United Statesand western Europe are nearsighted. Years of foc
40、using on close, two- dimensional workcauses most children to become at least slightly nearsighted by the age of 10, say theresearchers.6 . Problems with night vision, which affect around 25 percent of people, are also on theincrease because of computer use . Using computer screens means the eye must
41、operate in electromagnetic fields (电磁场) that make it work harder. It is estimated that 25to 30 percent of people have eye conditions, such as difficulty with night vision, whichresult from staring at a screen .Over 25% of people are estimated to have difficulty with night vision due to _ 7.第三篇：Some
42、Sleep Drugs Do More Than Make You SleepThe United States Food and Drug Administration1 has ordered companies to place strong new warnings on thirteen drugs that treat sleep disorders. It also ordered the makers of the sleeping pills to provide information for patients explaining how to safely use th
43、e drugs.Last Wednesday, the FDA announced that some of these drugs can have unexpected and dangerous effects. These include the risk of life-threatening allergic reactions. They also include rare incidents of strange behavior. These include people cooking food, eating and even driving while asleep.
44、The patients later had no memory of doing these activities while asleep.Last year, a member of the United States Congress2 said he had a sleep-driving incident. Patrick Kennedy, a representative from Rhode Island3，crashed his car into a security barrier near the building where lawmakers meet. The ac
45、cident happened in the middle of the night and no one was hurt. Mr. Kennedy said he had earlier taken a sleep medicine. He said he was also being treated with a stomach sickness drug that could cause sleepiness.The FDA did not say in its announcement how many cases of sleep-driving it had documented
46、. However, the New York Times4 reported last year about people who said they had strange sleep events after taking the drug Ambien. Some reported sleep-driving and sleep-walking. Others said they found evidence after waking in the morning that they had cooked food or eaten in their sleep. But they h
47、ad no memory of carrying out the activities.An FDA official says that these serious side effects of sleep disorder drugs appear to be rare. But, he also says there are probably more cases than are reported.5 He says the agency believes the risk of such behaviors could be reduced if people take the d
48、rugs as directed and do not drink alcohol while taking the drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has advised drug companies to carry out studies to investigate the problem.The risk of strange behaviors resulting from taking sleeping pills could be reduced itAthe FDA takes more strict regulations.Bdrug companies listen to patients advice.Cthe New York Times releases more reports.Dpeople dont drink alcohol while taking these pills.