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1、2022年职称英语考试模拟卷（2）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.A. their workforce B. huge portions C. large quantities D. their money E. a good barging F. minor brandsBesides cutting its cost, Unilever also abandoned its_ 2.How Technology Pushes Down Price1. Prices have
2、 fallen in the food business because of advances in food production and distribution technology. Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. People who predicted that the world would run out of food were wrong. We are producing more and more food with less and less capital. Food is therefo
3、re more plentiful and cheaper than it has ever been. Spending on food compared with other goods has fallen for many years, and continues to drop.2. Supermarkets have helped push down prices mainly because of their scale. Like any big business, they can invest in IT systems that make them efficient.
4、And their size allows them to buy in bulk. As supermarkets get bigger, the prices get lower.3. Huge retail companies such as Wal-Mart have tremendous power and they can put pressure on producers to cut their margins. As a result, some producers have had to make cuts. In recent years, Unilever has cu
5、t its workforce by 33, 000 to 245, 000 and dropped lots of its minor brands as part of its path to growth” strategy. Cadbury has shut nearly 20 percent of its 133 factories and cut 10 percent of its 55, 000 global workforce. These cuts help keep costs down, and the price of food stays low.4. Does ch
6、eap food make people unhealthy Cheap food may encourage people to eat more. Food companies certainly think that giving people more food for their money makes them buy more. Giving people bigger portions is an easy way of making them feel they have got a better deal. That is why portions have got lar
7、ger and larger. In America, soft drinks came in 8oz (225g) cans in the past, then 12oz (350g), and now come in 20oz (550g) cans. If a company can sell you an 8oz portion for $7, they can sell you a 12oz portion for $ 8. The only extra cost to the company is the food, which probably costs 25 cents. 5
8、. Now companies are under pressure to stop selling bigger portions for less money. But it is hard to change the trend. A. Huge retailers force producers to cunt costs B. Consumers like supermarkets C. Technology helps reduce food prices D. Food comes cheaper in larger portions E. Chain stores provid
9、e better service F. Bigger supermarkets offer lower pricesParagraph 3_ 3.第二篇Going Her Own WayWhen she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home afte
10、r primary school, though some attended private Catholic “finishing” schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Mariaor her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seri
11、ously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy a
12、t the time, there were two types of high schools: the “classical” schools and the “technical” schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature, and Italian literature and history. The few girls who
13、 continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most peopleincluding Marias
14、fatherbelieved that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical sc
15、hool, she had to win her fathers approval. She finally did, with her mothers help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family. Marias father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her.In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the “Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buo
16、narroti” in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask ques
17、tions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.In those days, most Italian girls_.Awent to classical schoolsBwent to finishing” schoolsCdid not go to high sc
18、hoolDwent to technical schools 4.第三篇Gross National HappinessIn the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist
19、culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to be
20、come modern, but without losing its traditions.King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product (GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is maki
21、ng progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his countrys progress by peoples happiness. If the peoples happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness
22、 (GNH).GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happi
23、er when they have a good, stable government.Now this is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese conti
24、nue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political
25、 candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutans GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create
26、new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Bra
27、zil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for BhutanATo make its population grow.BTo keep it separate from the world.CTo encourage its people to get rich.DTo keep its tradition and customs. 5.In Sports, Red is the Winning ColorWh
28、en opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study.British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham reached that conclusion by studying the outcomes ofone-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresti
29、ng, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.In each event Olympic staff randomly assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to competitors. When otherwise equally matched with their opponent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to wi
30、n the bout.Where there was a large point differencepresumably because one contestant was far superior to the othercolor had no effect on the outcome,” Barton said. “Where there was a small point differ ence, the effect of color was sufficient to tip the balance.”In equally matched bouts, the prepond
31、erance of red wins was great enough that it could not be at tributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Barton found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 international soccer tournament. Their report will be published in tomorrows issue of the journal Nature.Joan
32、na Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found simi lar results in nature. Her work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red col oration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.The finding that red also has an advantage in huma
33、n sporting events does not surprise her, adding that “the idea of the study is very clever. ”Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in the evolution of sexual sig nals in primates“red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance and testos terone
34、levels, Barton said.For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate researcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that red plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches inc
35、rease the birds dominance.Barton said he and Hill speculated some speculated that “there might be a similar effect in hu mans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporting contests. ”The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection may have influenced the evolution of humans response to colo
36、r.Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. “As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and pale when were scared. These are very important signals to other individuals,” she saidThe advantage of red may be intuitively known, judging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sportsthough it is
37、clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least,” Barton said.He adds that the finding of reds advantage might have implications for regulations that govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may ha
38、ve reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage.That is the implication, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case,” Barton said.Meanwhile, Setchell notedtongue-in-cheekthat a red advantage may not be limited to sports. “Going by the recent U.S. election results,
39、 red is indeed quite successful,” she said.Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned 6.The Mysteries of NazcaIn the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑) people for decades._ (46) But from hi
40、gh above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they werent discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human
41、and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1, 500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. _ (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and mo
42、nkeys.In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (记录) of the movement of the stars and planets. _ (48) Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldnt find any relation between the lines and movements in space.Another explan
43、ation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. Its possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpo
44、se. _ (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big.Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson
45、was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. _ (50)A. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.B
46、. A Swiss writer named Erich Von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.C. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.D. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.E. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched in
47、to the earth.F. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”. 7.第一篇DNA testingDNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a persons genes and are passed from parents to c
48、hildren. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in