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1、Unit 1: Text A Food Safety and Foodborne Illness1. Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are making their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concerns.
2、 食品安全和食源性疾病食品安全和食源性疾病1. 食品安全是一个越来越重要的公众健康问食品安全是一个越来越重要的公众健康问题。针对日益增多的食品安全问题以及消费者题。针对日益增多的食品安全问题以及消费者对此的担忧日益加剧，世界各地的政府部门都对此的担忧日益加剧，世界各地的政府部门都在努力改善食品安全。在努力改善食品安全。Unit 1: Text A 2. Foodborne illnesses are defined as diseases, usually caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteri
3、a or parasites. Every person is at risk of foodborne illness. 2. 食源性疾病通常是因食用或饮用被细菌或食源性疾病通常是因食用或饮用被细菌或病原体污染的食物或饮料而引起的疾病。每个病原体污染的食物或饮料而引起的疾病。每个人都有可能患上食源性疾病。人都有可能患上食源性疾病。Unit 1: Text A 3. Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries.
4、3. 不管是在发达国家，还是在发展中国家，食源不管是在发达国家，还是在发展中国家，食源性疾病都是一个普遍且不断恶化的公共健康问题。性疾病都是一个普遍且不断恶化的公共健康问题。Unit 1: Text A 4. The global incidence of foodborne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 2005 alone 1.8 million people died from diarrheal diseases. A great proportion of these cases
5、can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children. 4. 虽然全球的食源性疾病发病率很难虽然全球的食源性疾病发病率很难估测，但是据报道，仅估测，但是据报道，仅2005年一年就年一年就有有180万人死于腹泻类疾病，其中大万人死于腹泻类疾病，其中大部分要归咎于摄人了受污染的食物和部分要归咎于摄人了受污染的食物和饮用水。此外，腹泻是导致婴儿和幼饮用水。此外
6、，腹泻是导致婴儿和幼童营养不良的主要原因。童营养不良的主要原因。 Unit 1: Text A 5. In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America (USA), for example, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, resulting
7、 in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.5. 据报道，在工业化国家，每年因感据报道，在工业化国家，每年因感染食源性疾病的人口比例上升至染食源性疾病的人口比例上升至30。比如说美国，每年大约有比如说美国，每年大约有7600万人感万人感染食源性疾病，其中染食源性疾病，其中325000人接受住人接受住院治疗，院治疗，5000人死亡。人死亡。 Unit 1: Text A 6. While less well documented, developing countries bear
8、 the main impact of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases, including those caused by parasites. The widespread diarrheal diseases in many developing countries suggest major underlying food safety problems. 6. 尽管发展中国家的档案记载工作尽管发展中国家的档案记载工作较为欠缺，事实上，它们深受食源较为欠缺，事实上，它们深受食源性
9、疾病之苦，原因在于多种食源性性疾病之苦，原因在于多种食源性疾病，包括寄生虫引发的疾病的大疾病，包括寄生虫引发的疾病的大量存在。腹泻类疾病在众多发展中量存在。腹泻类疾病在众多发展中国家的高发病率说明这些国家存在国家的高发病率说明这些国家存在着重大的食品安全问题。着重大的食品安全问题。 Unit 1: Text A 7. While most foodborne diseases are occasional and often not reported, foodborne disease outbreaks may take on massive proportions. For exampl
10、e, in 1994,an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224,000 persons. In 1988,an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300, 000 individuals in China. 7. 大多数食源性疾病是偶发的，且常常未见诸大多数食源性疾病是偶发的
11、，且常常未见诸报端，但是食源性疾病也可能大规模爆发。例报端，但是食源性疾病也可能大规模爆发。例如，如，1994年，在美国爆发的沙门杆菌病导致大年，在美国爆发的沙门杆菌病导致大约约224000人感染，原因是食用了有问题的冰激人感染，原因是食用了有问题的冰激凌。凌。1988年，由于食用了受污染的毛蚶，中国年，由于食用了受污染的毛蚶，中国爆发了甲肝，影响了大约爆发了甲肝，影响了大约30万人。万人。 Unit 1: Text A 8. Major foodborne diseases are from microorganisms. Salmonellosis is a major problem i
12、n most countries. Salmonellosis is caused by the Salmonella bacteria. Examples of foods involved in outbreaks of salmonellosis are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. Campylobacteriosis is a widespread infection. It is caused by certain species of Campylobacter bacteria. And in so
13、me countries, the reported number of cases surpasses the incidence of salmonellosis. 8. 大部分食源性疾病是微生物导致的。在大多数大部分食源性疾病是微生物导致的。在大多数国家，沙门杆菌是引发感染的主因。沙门杆菌病国家，沙门杆菌是引发感染的主因。沙门杆菌病是由沙门氏菌引起的。可能引起沙门杆菌病的食是由沙门氏菌引起的。可能引起沙门杆菌病的食物有：鸡蛋、家禽肉和其他肉类、生牛奶以及巧物有：鸡蛋、家禽肉和其他肉类、生牛奶以及巧克力。弯曲菌病是常见的传染病，由某些种类的克力。弯曲菌病是常见的传染病，由某些种类的弯曲杆菌
14、属病毒引起。在有些国家，弯曲杆菌属弯曲杆菌属病毒引起。在有些国家，弯曲杆菌属病毒的致病人数超过了沙门杆菌的致病人数。病毒的致病人数超过了沙门杆菌的致病人数。Unit 1: Text A 9. Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic burden on communities and their health systems. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and f
15、ishery product exports that year. 9. 食物污染给社区以及医疗系统造食物污染给社区以及医疗系统造成了巨大的社会和经济负担。成了巨大的社会和经济负担。1991年在秘鲁再次爆发的霍乱致使那年年在秘鲁再次爆发的霍乱致使那年的鱼类和渔业产品出口损失达的鱼类和渔业产品出口损失达5亿美亿美元。元。Unit 1: Text A 10-1. The safety of food derived from biotechnology needs to be carefully assessed. To provide the scientific basis for decis
16、ions regarding human health, new methods and policies to assess such food need to be developed and agreed upon internationally. The assessment should consider health benefits as well as possible negative health implications. 10-1. 生物技术食品的安全性需要谨慎评估。生物技术食品的安全性需要谨慎评估。为了给关乎人类健康的决策提供科学基础，为了给关乎人类健康的决策提供科学
17、基础，国际社会需要制定和通过评估此类食品的新国际社会需要制定和通过评估此类食品的新方式和新政策。评估应该同时涵盖食品对健方式和新政策。评估应该同时涵盖食品对健康有益的方面和可能产生的负面作用。康有益的方面和可能产生的负面作用。Unit 1: Text A 10-2. Crops modified to resist pests, foods with allergens removed or food with an increase of essential nutrients are possible examples of the former, while antimicrobial
18、markers in some genetically modified foods have been suggested to be an example of the latter. 10-2. 前者包括为抗虫而改良的农作物、去过前者包括为抗虫而改良的农作物、去过敏原的食品和添加了必要营养素的食品，而敏原的食品和添加了必要营养素的食品，而某些基因改良食品的抗微生物标记则属于后某些基因改良食品的抗微生物标记则属于后者。者。Unit 1: Text A 10-3 The weighing of potential risks and benefits is an important aspe
19、ct of assessment of foods derived from biotechnology that has not received much attention in the past. Likewise, clear communication of the basis for safety assessment in this area is generally lacking at national and international levels. 10-3. 对生物技术食品的潜在危害和益处的权对生物技术食品的潜在危害和益处的权衡是评估的重要方面，这方面在过去未能得到
20、衡是评估的重要方面，这方面在过去未能得到足够的重视。同样，对于这个领域安全评估的足够的重视。同样，对于这个领域安全评估的基础问题，在国内和国际层面都缺乏沟通。基础问题，在国内和国际层面都缺乏沟通。Unit 1: Text A 11. If not properly monitored and assessed, changes in animal husbandry practices, including feeding, may have serious implications for food safety. For example, increased use of ruminant
21、 bone and meat meal as feed supplement for cattle appear to have played a role in the emergence of BSE. 11. 如果不能恰当地监控和评估，那么畜牧业如果不能恰当地监控和评估，那么畜牧业常规作业的改变，包括饲养方式的改变，都常规作业的改变，包括饲养方式的改变，都可能对食品安全造成严重的影响。例如，为可能对食品安全造成严重的影响。例如，为牛群提供反刍动物的骨头和肉类等补充性食牛群提供反刍动物的骨头和肉类等补充性食物，是致使疯牛病出现的一个原因。物，是致使疯牛病出现的一个原因。Unit 1: Te
22、xt A 12. Adding low levels of antibiotics to animal feed in order to increase growth rate has raised concern about the transfer of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens from this practice.13-1. Modern intensive agricultural practices contribute to increasing the availability of affordable foodstu
23、ffs and the use of 12. 为加快动物生长速度而在它们的饲料里为加快动物生长速度而在它们的饲料里添加少量抗生素的做法也让人担心抗生素的添加少量抗生素的做法也让人担心抗生素的耐药性会从动物体内转移到人类病原体上。耐药性会从动物体内转移到人类病原体上。 13-1 . 现代集中化农业生产方式提高了价格现代集中化农业生产方式提高了价格合理的粮食作物的产量，食品添加剂的使用合理的粮食作物的产量，食品添加剂的使用能够改善食物供应的质量、数量和安全性，能够改善食物供应的质量、数量和安全性，增加供应量。增加供应量。Unit 1: Text A 13-2. food supply. Howev
24、er, appropriate controls are necessary to ensure their proper and safe use along the entire food chain. Pre-market review and approval followed by continuous monitoring are necessary to ensure the safe use of pesticides, veterinary drugs and food additives. 13-2. 然而，有必要对其加以适当的管控，然而，有必要对其加以适当的管控，以确保它
25、们在整条食物链中得到合理和安全的以确保它们在整条食物链中得到合理和安全的使用。上市前的审批和上市后的持续监控对于使用。上市前的审批和上市后的持续监控对于确保安全使用杀虫剂、兽药和食品添加剂而言确保安全使用杀虫剂、兽药和食品添加剂而言是必不可少的。是必不可少的。Unit 1: Text A 14-1. Other challenges, which need to be addressed to help ensure food safety, include the globalization of trade in food, urbanization, changes in lifesty
26、les, international travel, environmental pollution, deliberate contamination and natural and manmade disasters. 14-1.其他的挑战，例如食物贸易全球化、城其他的挑战，例如食物贸易全球化、城市化、生活方式的改变、国际旅行、环境污市化、生活方式的改变、国际旅行、环境污染、蓄意污染以及自然和人为灾难等，都必染、蓄意污染以及自然和人为灾难等，都必须加以应对，以保证食品安全。须加以应对，以保证食品安全。Unit 1: Text A 14-2. The food production chai
27、n has become more complex, providing greater opportunities for contamination and growth of pathogens. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take on global dimensions. (772 words) 14-2. 随着食品生产链越来越复杂，食品污染随着食品生产链越来越复杂，食品污染和病原体滋生的几率也越来越大。曾经被控和病原体滋
28、生的几率也越来越大。曾经被控制在小社区范围内的食源性疾病如今可能在制在小社区范围内的食源性疾病如今可能在全球爆发。全球爆发。Unit 1: Text B Eating Food Thats Better for You, Organic or Not By Mark Bittman1. In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm
29、. Unit 1: Text B 1-2. Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nations grocery stores now carry at least some organic food. A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environme
30、nt and healthier.选择健康饮食，不论有机与否选择健康饮食，不论有机与否 1. 自联邦政府六年半前认证自联邦政府六年半前认证“有机有机”食品以食品以来，美国人以极大的热情接受了这一概念。有来，美国人以极大的热情接受了这一概念。有机食品的销售额至少翻了一倍，国内四分之三机食品的销售额至少翻了一倍，国内四分之三的杂货店都在出售有机食品。的杂货店都在出售有机食品。2007年年10月的月的哈里斯民意调查发现，大约哈里斯民意调查发现，大约30的美国人至少的美国人至少会不时购买有机食品，而且绝大多数人认为它会不时购买有机食品，而且绝大多数人认为它更安全、更有利于环境，也更健康。更安全、更有利
31、于环境，也更健康。Unit 1: Text B 2. “People believe it must be better for you if its organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University.3. So I discovered on a recent book tour around the United States and Canada. 2. 菲尔菲尔霍华德是密歇根州立大学研究社区、霍华德是密歇根州
32、立大学研究社区、食物和农业方面的助理教授，他谈到：食物和农业方面的助理教授，他谈到：“人们人们认为有机食物一定更好。认为有机食物一定更好。”3. 最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书的途中也最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书的途中也发现了这个问题。发现了这个问题。Unit 1: Text B 4. No matter how carefully I avoided using the word “organic” when I spoke to groups of food enthusiasts about how to eat better, someone in the audience would
33、inevitably ask, “What if I cant afford to buy organic food?” Organic food seems to have become the magic cure for all. When people think of eating it, they think they are eating well, healthily, reasonably, even morally. 4. 当我对着一群热衷饮食健康的观众讲如何当我对着一群热衷饮食健康的观众讲如何健康饮食时，无论我多么小心翼翼地避免使用健康饮食时，无论我多么小心翼翼地避免使用
34、“有机有机”这个词，还是不可避这个词，还是不可避 免地有人问：免地有人问：“如果我买不起有机食物怎么办如果我买不起有机食物怎么办?”有机食物似有机食物似乎成了治愈一切疾病的神奇妙方。每当人们想乎成了治愈一切疾病的神奇妙方。每当人们想到吃有机食物，他们会认为自己吃得好，吃得到吃有机食物，他们会认为自己吃得好，吃得健康，吃得合理，甚至吃得有道德。健康，吃得合理，甚至吃得有道德。 Unit 1: Text B 5. But eating “organic” offers no guarantee of any of that. And the truth is that most Americans
35、 eat so badly we get 7 percent of our calories from soft drinks, more than we do from vegetables; the top food group by caloric intake is “sweets”; and one-third of nations adults are now obese that the organic question is a secondary one. Its not unimportant, but its not the primary issue in the wa
36、y Americans eat. 5. 但吃但吃“有机有机”食物并不能保证如此。事食物并不能保证如此。事实上，大多数美国人的饮食方式是如此的糟实上，大多数美国人的饮食方式是如此的糟糕糕了的卡路里是我们从软饮料中获取的，了的卡路里是我们从软饮料中获取的，这比我们从蔬菜中获取的热量还要多；从这比我们从蔬菜中获取的热量还要多；从“甜甜食食”中获取的卡路里则是最多的；国内有三分中获取的卡路里则是最多的；国内有三分之一的成年人目前存在过度肥胖的问题之一的成年人目前存在过度肥胖的问题以以至于有机食物成了次要因素。并非它不重要，至于有机食物成了次要因素。并非它不重要，而是它不是美国人饮食中的首要问题。而是它
37、不是美国人饮食中的首要问题。 Unit 1: Text B 6. To eat well, says Michael Pollan, the author of In Defense of Food, means avoiding “edible food-like substances” and sticking to real ingredients, increasingly from the plant kingdom. (Americans each consume an average of nearly two pounds a day of animal products.)
38、Theres plenty of evidence that both a persons health as well as the environments will improve with a simple shift in eating habits away from animal products and highly processed foods to plant products and what might be called “real food.”6. “吃得好，吃得好，”食物无罪食物无罪的作者迈克尔的作者迈克尔波伦波伦说，说，“意味着避免摄人意味着避免摄人可食用的类
39、食品物质可食用的类食品物质，并 坚 持 从 蔬 菜 中 获 取 真 正 的 营 养 成 分 的 原并 坚 持 从 蔬 菜 中 获 取 真 正 的 营 养 成 分 的 原则。则。”(平均每个美国人每天消费近两磅的肉类产平均每个美国人每天消费近两磅的肉类产品。品。)有足够的证据表明，只要对饮食习惯做一个有足够的证据表明，只要对饮食习惯做一个简单的改变，即从以食用肉类食品和高度加工食简单的改变，即从以食用肉类食品和高度加工食品为主转为以蔬菜类产品或可能被称为品为主转为以蔬菜类产品或可能被称为“真正的真正的食物食物”这样的食品为主，就可以增进人类健康，这样的食品为主，就可以增进人类健康，改善居住环境。
40、改善居住环境。Unit 1: Text B 7. From these changes, Americans would reduce the amount of land, water and chemicals used to produce the food we eat, as well as the incidence of lifestyle diseases linked to unhealthy diets, and greenhouse gases from industrial meat production. 8. The governments organic prog
41、ram, says Joan Shaffer, a spokeswoman for the Agriculture Department, “is a marketing program that sets standards for what can be certified as organic. 7. 这样的饮食变化使美国人得以这样的饮食变化使美国人得以减少减少用于生产用于生产食物的土地、水和化学品的使用量，同时也食物的土地、水和化学品的使用量，同时也降低降低由于不健康的饮食而引发的与生活方式由于不健康的饮食而引发的与生活方式相关的疾病的发病率，相关的疾病的发病率，降低降低由于大规模生产
42、由于大规模生产肉类产品所排放的温室气体量。肉类产品所排放的温室气体量。Unit 1: Text B 8-2. Neither the enabling legislation nor the regulations address food safety or nutrition. ”People dont understand that, nor do they realize “organic” doesnt mean “local.” “It doesnt matter if its from the farm down the road or from Chile,” Ms. Shaf
43、fer said. “As long as it meets the standards, its organic.” 8 “政府的有机计划，政府的有机计划，”农业部发言人琼农业部发言人琼谢谢弗说，弗说，“是为了推广有机食物的认证标准。不是为了推广有机食物的认证标准。不论有机食品的立法或是法规都未涉及食品安全论有机食品的立法或是法规都未涉及食品安全或营养问题。或营养问题。”但人们不明白这些，他们也没但人们不明白这些，他们也没有认识到有认识到“有机有机”并不意味着并不意味着“本土本土”。“无无论食品是从离这条街不远的农场运来的还是从论食品是从离这条街不远的农场运来的还是从智利运来的，都没关系，智
44、利运来的，都没关系，”谢弗女士说，谢弗女士说，“只只要它符合标准，就是有机食品。要它符合标准，就是有机食品。” Unit 1: Text B 9. Hence, the organic status of salmon flown in from Chile, or of frozen vegetables grown in China and sold in the United States no matter the size of the carbon footprint left behind by getting from there to here. 9. 因此，从智利运到本地的
45、鲑鱼或是因此，从智利运到本地的鲑鱼或是在美国出售的中国冷冻蔬菜都是有机在美国出售的中国冷冻蔬菜都是有机的的与食物从那里飞到美国留下的碳与食物从那里飞到美国留下的碳足迹的大小无关。足迹的大小无关。 Unit 1: Text B 10. Today, most farmers who practice truly sustainable farming, or what you might call “organic in spirit,” operate on small scale, some so small that they cant afford the requirements to
46、 be certified organic by the government. 10. 如今，大多数真正实行可持续耕作的如今，大多数真正实行可持续耕作的农民，或者可以称之为农民，或者可以称之为“在精神上有机在精神上有机”的农民，都实行小规模经营，有的小到的农民，都实行小规模经营，有的小到连让政府来认证是否达到有机标准的费连让政府来认证是否达到有机标准的费用都没有。用都没有。Unit 1: Text B 11. But the organic food business is now big business, and getting bigger. Professor Howard esti
47、mates that major corporations now are responsible for at least 25 percent of all organic manufacturing and marketing. In 2006, sales of organic foods and beverages totaled about $16. 7 billion, according to the most recent figures from Organic Trade Association. 11. 然而有机食品业现在是大规模产业，然而有机食品业现在是大规模产业，而
48、且还在日趋壮大。霍华德教授估计，而且还在日趋壮大。霍华德教授估计，现在大公司所生产和销售的有机食品超现在大公司所生产和销售的有机食品超过了总量的过了总量的25。据来自有机贸易协会。据来自有机贸易协会的最新数据，的最新数据，2006年有机食品和饮料的年有机食品和饮料的销售总额约为销售总额约为167亿美元。亿美元。Unit 1: Text B 12. But the questions remain over how we eat in general. It may feel better to eat an organic Oreo than a conventional Oreo, but,
49、 says Marion Nestle, a professor at New York Universitys department of nutrition, food studies and public health, “Organic junk food is still junk food. ” 12. 但根本问题仍在于我们怎样吃。人但根本问题仍在于我们怎样吃。人们可能会觉得吃有机的奥利奥比吃传统们可能会觉得吃有机的奥利奥比吃传统的奥利奥要好，但纽约大学的营养、食的奥利奥要好，但纽约大学的营养、食品研究和公共健康系教授马里昂品研究和公共健康系教授马里昂内斯特内斯特莱表示：莱表示：“
50、有机垃圾食品仍然是垃圾食有机垃圾食品仍然是垃圾食品。品。”Unit 1: Text B 13. Last week, Michelle Obama began digging up a patch of the South Lawn of the White House to plant an organic vegetable garden to provide food for the first family and, more important, to educate children about healthy, locally grown fruits and vegetable