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1、2022湖北同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试考前冲刺卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.American culture has not been immune to cultural influences from outside. The idea of democracy came from the ancient Greeks; the Industrial Revolution started in England; jazz and rock music pr
2、eserve African rhythmsto pick a few examples. Indeed, many of the things we think of as 100 percent American came from other cultures. Still, most of the changes in American culture over the last century have come from within, as the result of inventions and discoveries. And change has been dramatic
3、. One hundred years ago the United States was largely a nation of farmers. Many of the things we take for granted todaya high school education, for example, or indoor plumbingwere luxuries then. The moon was a light for lovers, not a site for scientific exploration; genetic engineering (基因工程) was no
4、t even a subject for science fiction, much less for laboratory research and corporate investments. The decades following the Second World War, in particular, were characterized by spectacular scientific and technological advances, national self-confidence, optimism, and (for many Americans) prosperi
5、ty. The American economy was the strongest in the world: more goods were produced and sold, more people were working, and the standard of living was higher than ever before. Polls (民意调查) taken in the 1950s and 1960s show that the average American was preoccupied with the questions will I make a good
6、 living Will I be successful and Will I raise successful, happy children Success was defined in terms of maintaining a stable family and keeping up with the Jones. Most Americans believed that if they played by the rulesif they work hard and did what was expected, if they sacrificed their own needs
7、to those of their family and their employerthey would be rewarded with an ever-increasing standard of living, a devoted spouse, and decent children. An expensive car, a suburban home, and children in college were tangible (可触知的) signs that hard work and self-sacrifice paid off.The principle purpose
8、of this passage is to_.Atalk about the American culture in transitionBcriticize the American cultureCstate the absurdity of American cultureDtalk about the inventions and discoveries 2.Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify (61
9、) a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are (62) of that parent. The things parents do and sayand the (63) they do and say to themstrongly influence a childs (64) . A parents actions (65) affect the self image that a child forms (66) identification. Children who see ma
10、inly positive qualities in their (67) will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly (68) qualities in their parents will have difficulty (69) positive qualities in themselves. Children may (70) their self image, however, as they become increasingly (71) by peer
11、groups. In the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the (72) of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can, (73) , accept the divorce o
12、f their patents or a parents early (74) . But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events (75) a sign of rejection or punishment.Part ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for ea
13、ch blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.AtoBwithCaroundDfor 3.Most parents prize the diversity within their childrens public schools. They know that learning to cooperate and excel in a diverse, real-world setting i
14、s a key to success in the 21st-century workplace and marketplace. But how diverse and real-world is a school that does not have any minority teachers The bad news today is that some 40 percent of Americas public schools have no teachers of color. The good news is that we have an opportunity to recru
15、it and encourage more Americans of color to enter the teaching profession. And our success in doing so can have a powerfully positive impact on student achievement. Obviously, a teachers effectiveness depends, first and foremost, on his or her skills and high expectations, not on the teachers color.
16、 Yet we also know that children of color40 percent of the student population and risingbenefit in important ways by having some teachers who look like them, who share similar cultural experiences, and who serve as role models demonstrating that education and achievement are things to be respected. B
17、ear in mind that teachers do not teach only facts and content. They also model appropriate behaviors and teach by personal example. And for many children, the teachers and other adults in their school are the most important authority figures outside of their home. So it is important to expose childr
18、en to a diverse teaching staffand to diverse role modelswithin each of our schools. Where we have an urban school with an all-minority staff or a suburban school with an all-white staff, we are giving students a stunted educational experience. Issues of diversity are especially relevant today, as pu
19、blic schools are redoubling their commitment to raising standards and closing achievement gaps. We need to seize every opportunity to boost the achievement of poor and minority students. I believeand an impressive body of research confirmsthat recruiting and retaining more minority teachers can be c
20、rucial to our success. NEA has made it a core strategic priority to increase the recruitment and retention of teachers of diverse backgrounds. Beyond NEAs own programs, we are joining with other organizations to create the National Collaborative on Diversity in the Teacher Workforce. But we cant do
21、it alone. States and school districts need to develop programs to assist teachers aideslarge numbers of whom are minoritiesto advance their education and become fully licensed teachers. Other programs can reach out to minorities still in school, offering encouragement and incentives to enter the tea
22、ching profession. At the same time, states must ensure that relevant tests do not bar promising minority candidates from entering the profession.The typical indicator of a diverse and real-world school is that_.Ait has teachers from various regions in the worldBit has students from various regions i
23、n the worldCit has teachers of different racesDit has a powerfully positive impact on student achievement 4.Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University
24、of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, the streets would be littered with people lying here and there. Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of
25、the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticide (杀虫剂). Says he, Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare. And many naturally produced chemicals, thoug
26、h occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogensa substance that can cause cancer. Mushrooms (蘑菇) might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives (添加剂). Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: Weve got far
27、worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made. Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingl
28、y take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will pro
29、bably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practice
30、s or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to select and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.By saying they employ ch
31、emical warfare (ParA2), Bruce Ames means_.A. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthB. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesC. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseasesD. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals
32、in plants5.The world is full of new horrors and theres no place to hide. Who says so Disaster psychologists, for a start. They are the people who take in the big picture of our collective reactions to human-created disaster, the ways these reactions are caused, and our coping mechanisms. And researc
33、h into disaster psychology is growing fast. Among the big issues being addressed by these researchers are understanding the terrorists weapons, assessing the full impact of terrorismand, crucially, working out which psychological approaches actually work. Its a deeply controversial area. Take the wo
34、rk of Dennis Embry as an example. He argues that we have overlooked the obvious: the purpose of terrorism is to create terror. This works best if the very symbols of everyday life become conditioned fear and anxiety stimulant. The top targets will be the most symbolic of a nations daily life, prefer
35、ably served up for prime-time television. Crashing planes from United and American Airlines into the Twin Towers and the Pentagon met those objectives all too perfectly. After the attacks, people stopped flying. Why Not because they had made a rational risk assessment but because the mere thought of
36、 flying made their palms sweat. From terrorism to rail crashes, counseling and debriefing (盘问) are the standard response to help those caught up in disasters. But there are growing doubts about their effectiveness. What might be going wrong Debriefing focuses on getting people to talk through the tr
37、auma (损伤) and its emotional consequences soon after the incident. Could it be that some people are better by distancing themselves from what happened, rather than retelling it If disaster psychologists want to find better ways to help, theyll have to win the race between our understanding of human p
38、sychology and the terrorists.Why do people usually stop flying after terrorist attacksABecause they are terrified of flying.BBecause they believe in rational risk assessment.CBecause their palms will become too sweaty for them to fly.DBecause they cant decide which airline will be the safest. 6.Amer
39、ican culture has not been immune to cultural influences from outside. The idea of democracy came from the ancient Greeks; the Industrial Revolution started in England; jazz and rock music preserve African rhythmsto pick a few examples. Indeed, many of the things we think of as 100 percent American c
40、ame from other cultures. Still, most of the changes in American culture over the last century have come from within, as the result of inventions and discoveries. And change has been dramatic. One hundred years ago the United States was largely a nation of farmers. Many of the things we take for gran
41、ted todaya high school education, for example, or indoor plumbingwere luxuries then. The moon was a light for lovers, not a site for scientific exploration; genetic engineering (基因工程) was not even a subject for science fiction, much less for laboratory research and corporate investments. The decades
42、 following the Second World War, in particular, were characterized by spectacular scientific and technological advances, national self-confidence, optimism, and (for many Americans) prosperity. The American economy was the strongest in the world: more goods were produced and sold, more people were w
43、orking, and the standard of living was higher than ever before. Polls (民意调查) taken in the 1950s and 1960s show that the average American was preoccupied with the questions will I make a good living Will I be successful and Will I raise successful, happy children Success was defined in terms of maint
44、aining a stable family and keeping up with the Jones. Most Americans believed that if they played by the rulesif they work hard and did what was expected, if they sacrificed their own needs to those of their family and their employerthey would be rewarded with an ever-increasing standard of living,
45、a devoted spouse, and decent children. An expensive car, a suburban home, and children in college were tangible (可触知的) signs that hard work and self-sacrifice paid off.The American economy has become the strongest in the world mainly because of_.Athe spectacular scientific and technological advances
46、Bpeoples hard workingClearning from other culturesDthe industrial revolution 7.Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify (61) a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are (62) of that parent. The things
47、 parents do and sayand the (63) they do and say to themstrongly influence a childs (64) . A parents actions (65) affect the self image that a child forms (66) identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their (67) will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who
48、observe chiefly (68) qualities in their parents will have difficulty (69) positive qualities in themselves. Children may (70) their self image, however, as they become increasingly (71) by peer groups. In the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the (72) of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can, (73) , accept the divorce of their patents or a parents early (74) . But