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1、英语增译法翻译技巧英语增译法翻译技巧共享增译法：指依据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增加一些词、短句或句子，以便更精确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语(论坛)句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或There be结构来翻译以外，一般都要依据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的运用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词运用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人全部的或与某人有关的事物时，必需在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时须要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又须要依
2、据状况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时经常须要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要留意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：(1)What about calling him right away?立刻给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)(2)If only I could see the realization of the four mode
3、rnizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际状况恰好相反。(增译名词)(4)就是法西斯国家本土的人民也被剥夺了人权。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light
4、 lamps. (增译连词)(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers wit
5、h their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)2022年翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料Clusterluck集群之幸Bostons biotech hub is surviving the challenge from Silicon Valley波士顿的生物技术中心正从硅谷的挑战中幸存下来Distance is not dead. In biotechnology, as in other tech-based industries, the clustering of similar firms is
6、 more important than ever. Some American biotech startups are based in the San Francisco and Silicon Valley area, huddled with its many digital and IT startups. But the Boston metropolitan area and in particular Cambridge, across the Charles river from central Boston seems to be holding its own as t
7、he worlds pre-eminent biotech hub.距离并未消亡。与其他以技术为基础的行业一样，在生物技术领域，同类公司的集群比以往任何时候都更为重要。一些美国生物技术创业公司把总部设在旧金山和硅谷地区，跟当地的众多数字及IT创业公司扎堆。然而，波士顿大都会区特殊是与波士顿市中心隔查尔斯河相望的剑桥市俨然已能与之抗衡而成为世界上卓越的生物技术中心。The San Francisco areas pool of venture capital is beyond compare; and a biotech-industry body there, the California
8、Life Sciences Association, argues that California is the number one state for biomedical employment. But in part that is simply a reflection of the states large population, which means its health-care business is necessarily big. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Council claims that its state employs
9、more people in biotech research and development than any other.旧金山地区的风险投资资源是别处无可比拟的。当地的生物技术行业团体“加利福尼亚生命科学协会”(California Life Sciences Association)认为，加利福尼亚是生物医学就业第一州。但这在某种程度上只是该州浩大人口数量的表现，人口众多意味着其医疗保健产业必定浩大。马萨诸塞州生物技术委员会(Massachusetts Biotechnology Council)声称，该州在生物技术研发领域的就业人数超过其他任何一个州。A study publishe
10、d last December by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that although, per head, the Boston area had fallen well behind San Francisco and Silicon Valley in creating software and internet startups, it was more or less keeping pace in life sciences. The density of research institution
11、s in Massachusetts means that it receives $351 per head in funding from the National Institutes of Health, well ahead of the Golden States $88. This density of research was a reason cited by General Electric, which has a big medical-technology division, in its announcement in Janurary that it will m
12、ove its group headquarters to Boston.去年12月，麻省理工学院公布的一项探讨发觉，波士顿地区虽然在人均创建软件和互联网创业公司的数量上远落后于旧金山与硅谷，但在生命科学领域不前不后。麻省密集的探讨机构使它从美国国立卫生探讨院(National Institutes of Health)获得人均351美元的资金，远超过“黄金之州”(加利福尼亚)的人均88美元。拥有浩大医疗技术部门的通用电气1月宣布将把集团总部迁往波士顿，它提到该地区探讨机构的高密度是一大缘由。The history of the Boston area cluster can be trace
13、d to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Biogen and Genzyme, two biotech drugmakers, were founded by scientists from nearby academic institutions. Other scientists, especially from MIT and Harvard, Cambridges two internationally renowned universities, followed suit and created innovative startups o
14、f their own.波士顿地区产业集群的历史可以追溯到上世纪70年头末和80年头初。当时，周边学术机构的科学家建立了生物技术制药企业百健(Biogen)和健赞(Genzyme)。其他科学家纷纷效法，创建了自己的创新型创业公司，尤其是来自麻省理工和哈佛的科学家，这两所国际知名高校都位于剑桥市。This encouraged global pharmaceutical giants, struggling with poor productivity in their existing research facilities, to set up labs in and around Camb
15、ridge. Novartis of Switzerland began work on its outpost in 2022, followed by such names as AstraZeneca of Britain and Baxter of Illinois, which in 2022 spun out its Cambridge labs as Baxalta, a specialist in “orphan” diseases. In Janurary Baxalta agreed a $32 billion takeover by Shire, an Irish dru
16、gs giant.这促使那些苦于现有探讨设施生产力低下的全球制药巨头在剑桥及其周边建立试验室。瑞士诺华(Novartis)2022年起先在此设点，紧接着是英国的阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和美国伊利诺伊州的百特(Baxter)。2022年，百特把它的剑桥试验室拆分出来，成立了专攻罕见病的Baxalta公司。今年1月，Baxalta同意被爱尔兰制药巨头Shire公司以320亿美元收购。The cluster lacked a clear focal point until 2022, when MIT, the main landowner around Kendall Square an
17、 area about a mile in all directions from the Kendall/MIT subway station in Cambridge decided to spruce it up. One report suggests the square currently hosts firms that have absorbed about $14 billion in venture-capital investments. Silicon Valleys overall pool of capital may be deeper, but much of
18、it flows to areas other than biotech. And the global drug giants with outposts in the Boston area provide an alternative source of finance, and of eventual buyers for startups.这里的产业集群始终缺少一个明确的中心，直到2022年，肯德尔广场(Kendall Square)的主要全部者麻省理工学院确定把这片以肯德尔/麻省理工地铁站为中心、半径约一英里的区域修葺一新。一份报告表明，目前在肯德尔广场设立的公司总共汲取了大约14
19、0亿美元的风险投资。硅谷的整体风投资源可能更为深厚，但大部分资金都流向了生物技术以外的领域。在波士顿地区设点的全球制药巨头供应了另一种资金来源，也为创业公司增加了潜在的最终买家。Tom Andrew of Alexandria Real Estate, a property agent specialising in science buildings, notes that the Boston areas universities, teaching hospitals and other institutions are a sink, as well as a source, of t
20、alent. Anyone who accepts a risky job at a startup can be sure that if things dont work out there are lots of big employers nearby to fall back on.专注于科学楼宇的房地产经纪公司“亚历山大房地产”(Alexandria Real Estate )的汤姆安得鲁(Tom Andrew)表示，波士顿地区的高校、教学医院及其他机构既是人才之源，又是人才之库。在创业企业中担当有风险工作的全部人都可以放心，假如工作不顺当，旁边会有很多大雇主可以转投。The cl
21、usters promising young firms include four Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia and Bluebird Bio that are working on “gene editing”, currently one of the hottest areas of biotech. WuXi NextCODE, another local startup, specialises in analysing genomes. Alnylam concentrates on drugs that inte
22、rfere with RNA, the messenger molecule through which genes express themselves. Not satisfied with just editing, deciphering or blocking natures blueprints, Synlogic is seeking to create medicines through entirely artificial sequences of genes.集群中有前途的新兴企业包括Editas医药公司(Editas Medicine)、CRISPR疗法公司(CRISP
23、R Therapeutics)、Intellia和蓝鸟生物(Bluebird Bio)。这四家公司正致力于探讨“基因剪辑”，这是当今生物技术中最热门的领域之一。另一家本地创业公司明码生物科技(WuXi NextCODE)特地从事基因组分析。奥尼兰姆公司(Alnylam)专注探讨干扰RNA的药物，RNA是基因自我表达的信使分子。Synlogic公司不满意于只是剪辑、解码或者阻断基因组这一自然的蓝图，还试图通过合成完全人工的基因序列来开发药物。Synlogics boss, Jose-Carlos Gutirrez-Ramos, formerly of Pfizer, has worked aro
24、und the world and praises the “density of intellectuals” in Boston and the opportunities that come from being able to make easy connections. With little travel time between appointments, it is easier to arrange meetings. Dan Budwick of Pure Communications, a public-relations firm which represents so
25、me of the areas startups, says that “You can jump on a bike and see 30 companies in a mile. You cant do that in San Francisco or Manhattan.”Synlogic的老板、原辉瑞公司的何塞-卡洛斯古铁雷斯-拉莫斯(Jose-Carlos Gutirrez-Ramos)曾在世界各地工作过，他赞扬波士顿“学问分子密集”，能够很简单地建立人脉关系并从中找到机会。由于约会之间花费在交通上的时间很短，支配会议比较简单。代表该地区一些创业企业的公关公司 “单纯沟通”(Pure
26、 Communications)的丹布德威克(Dan Budwick)说：“你可以跳上一辆自行车，在一英里内见到30家公司。这在旧金山或曼哈顿就不行。”Bostons tech cluster has a different vibe from Silicon Valleys in other ways too. Edward Farmer of WuXi NextCODE says Bostons biotech crowd are a more formal bunch, who wear proper shirts and tuck them in. They know which fo
27、rk is for the salad because salad is not the only thing they eat. Beer is the recreational drug of choice, rather than cannabis.在其他方面，波士顿的高科技集群也与硅谷的氛围不同。明码生物科技的爱德华法默(Edward Farmer)表示，波士顿的生物科技从业者举止更规则，他们穿合适的衬衫，还把下摆塞进裤子里。他们知道哪一个叉子是吃沙拉的，因为他们不只吃沙拉。首选的休闲毒品是啤酒而不是大麻。The cranes sprouting across the skyline
28、suggest more growth ahead. But demand is still running ahead of supply. In the Boston area rents for laboratory space rose by 7% last year to around $47 a square foot ($505 a square metre), compared with $37 in San Francisco. Already, some companies are having to seek space in districts like Alewife
29、 or Watertown, on the far side of Harvards campus.穿越天际线不断涌现的起重机表明，将来将有更多发展。但目前依旧是供不应求。在波士顿地区，试验室的租金去年上涨了7%，达到每平方英尺47美元(每平方米505美元)，相比之下，旧金山的租金为37美元。已有一些公司在哈佛校内另一边的埃尔维夫(Alewife)和沃特敦(Watertown)等区域找寻办公地点。Though it is on a roll, the Boston biotech cluster must keep a nervous eye on its West Coast rival,
30、especially if, in future, biotech ventures come to rely on software, wearable sensors and big-data analysis, areas in which Silicon Valley is strong. At least that is a problem it can try to address. The weather is not. The biggest annual jamboree for investors in biotech, organised by J.P. Morgan,
31、a bank, opened in Janurary in its customary location of San Francisco. The temperature was a balmy 13 Celsius, to Bostons shivering -1 .尽管顺风顺水，波士顿的生物技术产业集群还是必需惊慌地关注它在西海岸的竞争对手，尤其是假如生物技术企业今后要起先依靠软件、可穿戴传感器和大数据分析等硅谷强项的话。至少，这个问题是它可以试图解决的。但天气就不是了。生物科技投资者最大的年度盛会已于1月按惯例在旧金山实行，活动由摩根大通银行(J.P. Morgan)组织。当地气温13摄氏度，暖和宜人，而波士顿为零下1度，冷得让人直打寒颤。英语翻译