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1、2021湖南公共英语考试考前冲刺卷（7）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.People who are overweight at 40 are likely to die at least three years sooner than those who are slim, meaning that being fat during middle age is just as damaging to life expectancy as smoking, researche
2、rs say in a new study. The study was conducted by Dutch researchers and was published in The Annals of Internal Medicine.Nonsmokers who were classified as overweight, but not obese, lost an average of three years off their lives. Obese people died even sooner. Obese female nonsmokers lost an average
3、 of 7.1 years, while obese male nonsmokers lost 5.8 years.Scientists have long known that overweight people have shorter life expectancies, but few large-scale studies have been able to pinpoint how many years they lose. This study is saying that if you are overweight by your mid-30’s to mid-4
4、0’s, even if you lose some weight later on, you still carry a higher risk of dying, said Dr. Serge Jabbour, director of the weight-loss clinic at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. The message is that you have to work early on your weight. If you wait a long time, the damage
5、 may have been done. For smokers, the results were worse. Obese female smokers died 7.2 years sooner than normal-weight smokers and 13.3 years sooner than trim nonsmoking women. Obese male smokers lived 6.7 years less than trim smokers, and 13.7 years less than trim nonsmokers.The results were culle
6、d from 3,457 volunteers in Framingham, Mass. , from 1948 to 1990. The data were analyzed by researchers at Erasmus Medical Center and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.About two-thirds of American adults are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventio
7、n. Studies have also shown that people are getting fatter at younger ages.The smoking epidemic in the Western world is warning; however, a new fear should be the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults, which shows another potentially preventable public health disaster. the r
8、esearchers said.According to Dr. Serge Jabbour, what message does the study carry().A. People have to work early on their weightB. Overweight people have shorter life expectanciesC. Smoking is damaging to life expectancyD. If people are overweight by their mid-30’s to mid-40’s, if they l
9、ose some weight later on, they will carry a lower risk of dying2.The death rate from influenza rose markedly in the 1990’s, federal scientists reported. The explanation, they said, is that a greater proportion of the population is elderly and thus particularly susceptible to flu. There was an
10、average of 36,000 flu deaths a year in the 1990’s as compared to 20,000 a year in previous decades, the investigators, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Ninety percent of influenza deaths were in people 65 and olde
11、r, said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the principal researcher for the study. But Dr. Fukuda and his colleagues reported that the virus was especially deadly in people over 85, who might be up to 32 times more likely than those 65 to 69 to die from a flu infection.The researchers also concluded that there were
12、large numbers of deaths among the elderly from another virus, respiratory syncytial virus, known as R. S. V. As many as 78 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S.V. each year were 65 and older, the researchers concluded.In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr. David M. Morens of the Nati
13、onal Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said that many people who were particularly vulnerable to influenza did not get flu vaccines, the only method of preventing the disease. Many mistakenly believe that the vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give them the flu. Over the las
14、t few years, Dr. Fukuda said, just 65 percent to 67 percent of people 65 and older were immunized. Even when they do get the vaccine, he added, it is less effective in the elderly than it is in younger people. And there is no vaccine to protect against R. S. V. Dr. Morens was not optimistic about th
15、e immediate future. The best hope, he said, is for improved flu vaccines and a vaccine for R. S. V. But for now, he said, doctors must do a better job of persuading older people to be vaccinated.Dr. Fukuda and his colleagues reported that the virus was especially deadly in people over().A. 55B. 65C.
16、 75D. 853.The death rate from influenza rose markedly in the 1990’s, federal scientists reported. The explanation, they said, is that a greater proportion of the population is elderly and thus particularly susceptible to flu. There was an average of 36,000 flu deaths a year in the 1990’s
17、 as compared to 20,000 a year in previous decades, the investigators, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Ninety percent of influenza deaths were in people 65 and older, said Dr. Keiji Fukuda, the principal researcher for
18、the study. But Dr. Fukuda and his colleagues reported that the virus was especially deadly in people over 85, who might be up to 32 times more likely than those 65 to 69 to die from a flu infection.The researchers also concluded that there were large numbers of deaths among the elderly from another
19、virus, respiratory syncytial virus, known as R. S. V. As many as 78 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S.V. each year were 65 and older, the researchers concluded.In an editorial accompanying the paper, Dr. David M. Morens of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said
20、 that many people who were particularly vulnerable to influenza did not get flu vaccines, the only method of preventing the disease. Many mistakenly believe that the vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give them the flu. Over the last few years, Dr. Fukuda said, just 65 percent to 67 per
21、cent of people 65 and older were immunized. Even when they do get the vaccine, he added, it is less effective in the elderly than it is in younger people. And there is no vaccine to protect against R. S. V. Dr. Morens was not optimistic about the immediate future. The best hope, he said, is for impr
22、oved flu vaccines and a vaccine for R. S. V. But for now, he said, doctors must do a better job of persuading older people to be vaccinated.According to the report, which of the following sentences is true().A. The only method of preventing the disease is to get flu vaccines.B. Dr. Morens was optimi
23、stic about the immediate future.C. As many as 87 percent of the 11,000 people who died from R. S. V. each year were 65 and older.D. The vaccine, which is made from a killed virus, can give people the flu.4.People who are overweight at 40 are likely to die at least three years sooner than those who a
24、re slim, meaning that being fat during middle age is just as damaging to life expectancy as smoking, researchers say in a new study. The study was conducted by Dutch researchers and was published in The Annals of Internal Medicine.Nonsmokers who were classified as overweight, but not obese, lost an
25、average of three years off their lives. Obese people died even sooner. Obese female nonsmokers lost an average of 7.1 years, while obese male nonsmokers lost 5.8 years.Scientists have long known that overweight people have shorter life expectancies, but few large-scale studies have been able to pinp
26、oint how many years they lose. This study is saying that if you are overweight by your mid-30’s to mid-40’s, even if you lose some weight later on, you still carry a higher risk of dying, said Dr. Serge Jabbour, director of the weight-loss clinic at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital i
27、n Philadelphia. The message is that you have to work early on your weight. If you wait a long time, the damage may have been done. For smokers, the results were worse. Obese female smokers died 7.2 years sooner than normal-weight smokers and 13.3 years sooner than trim nonsmoking women. Obese male s
28、mokers lived 6.7 years less than trim smokers, and 13.7 years less than trim nonsmokers.The results were culled from 3,457 volunteers in Framingham, Mass. , from 1948 to 1990. The data were analyzed by researchers at Erasmus Medical Center and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.About two
29、-thirds of American adults are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Studies have also shown that people are getting fatter at younger ages.The smoking epidemic in the Western world is warning; however, a new fear should be the increasing prevalence of ove
30、rweight and obesity in young adults, which shows another potentially preventable public health disaster. the researchers said.The researchers said . which shows another potentially preventable public health disaster. What does another potentially preventable public health disaster here refer to().A.
31、 SmokingB. Obesity in young adultsC. DrinkingD. Obesity in elderly adults5.Here’s some bad news for students who put off studying: procrastinators get more cold and flu symptoms and have more digestive problems than their punctual classmates. They also tend toward an unhealthy lifestyle, accor
32、ding to a recent study of 374 undergraduates at Carleton University in Ottawa by the Procrastination Research Group. Student procrastinators are more likely to eat poorly and smoke, and they sleep less and drink more than students who do their homework promptly.At the root of the problem is an inabi
33、lity to regulate behavior and control impulses-say, drinking more than you had intended when you sat down at the bar. If you’re quite impulsive then you’re unable to protect one intention from another, says Timothy A. Pychyl, the leader of the Procrastination Research Group who is also a
34、 psychologist and co-author of the study. Things can get worse when tasks are impersonal or out of one’s control. Most assignments are not things that students initiated themselves, he says. They can lack meaning for that reason. Giving a procrastinator a hand-held organizer probably won&rsquo
35、;t change habits in the long term. It’s not about time management, Dr. Pychyl says. Some people will buy a day planner, fill it in and say that’s it for today. It becomes part of the procrastination itself. Such tardiness is not unusual. In one survey, 70 percent of the students confesse
36、d to academic tardiness. Some favorite excuses are computer failure, leaving a paper at home and the death of a grandmother.Procrastinators have many problems, except that ().A. they get more cold and flu symptomsB. they sleep moreC. they smoke and drink moreD. they have more digestive problems6.A w
37、eather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three of four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasts are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whet
38、her a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in
39、 the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherw
40、ise would take hours to describe. The United States weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day outlook which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of
41、the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels with often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments a
42、nd earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorolog
43、ical results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographical precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.One characteristic of weat
44、her maps not mentioned by the author in this passage is ().A. wind speedB. thermal changesC. frontsD. barometric pressure7.Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV.The first difference is that a policeman’s real life revolves round criminal la
45、w. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to.Little o
46、f his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he’s arrested, the story
47、 is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather
48、 a lot of different evidence.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: firstly, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law; secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They
49、can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness-as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope th