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1、2021内蒙古GRE考试真题卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1. Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output a
2、nd living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year30 percent over(5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which
3、 workers made goods, since the 1790s, North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing(10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production pr
4、ocess. For example, during the 1820s and 1830s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemake
5、rs in dozens(15) of massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enure shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while
6、cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even(20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolifi
7、c Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had buiit a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of t
8、he mill to allow it to cool as it desended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nations largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labo
9、r, good transportation networks, and eager customers.The word prolific in line22 is closest in meaning toAefficientBproductiveCself-employedDprogressive 2. Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon diox
10、ide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earths temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern(5) Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed
11、 as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time. The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and temperatur
12、e and of atmospheric(10)measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in
13、 the glacier. The result is a remarkable unbroken record of (15)levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbondioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9F (5), carbon dioxide levelsdropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generall
14、y, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in awarm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the160,000 years of that ice(20)record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts permillion, but never rose much high
15、er-until the industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenthcentury and continuing today. There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levelsand global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon(25)dioxide levels may have been much greater than the
16、 current concentration during the Carboniferousperiod. 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for aprofusion of plant life whoseburied remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that am being brought to the surfaceand burned today.According to the passage, the Carboniferous p
17、eriod was characterized byAa reduction in the number of coal depositsBthe burning of a large amount of coalCan abundance of plantsDan accelerated rate of glacier formation 3. Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises.
18、Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound.the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for examplemade with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and(5) electronic instrumentsmay include sounds that in the past would not have been consdered musical En
19、vironmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or
20、to sing phonetic(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of th
21、e Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconvennonal in Wes
22、tern musictom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracasare widelv used. In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more(20) finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greter number
23、of distinct tones, or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Pmderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clustersclosely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new im
24、portance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed(25) at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, ne
25、w note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.According to the passage, Krzysziof Pendereckj is known for which of the following practicesAUsing tones that are clumped togetherBCombining traditional and nontradinonal instrumentsCSeating musicians in unusual areas of an
26、auditoriumDPlaying Western music for non-Western audiences 4. In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. In Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environments-Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them
27、on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials,(5) and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the same organization t
28、o study Seattles public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattles parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography, utilize the areas trees and shrubs, and be available to(10) the entire community. They especially emphasi
29、zed the need for natural, serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be loc
30、al parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway,(15) which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system. In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and it automatically became the master plan for the citys park system.
31、 Prior to this report, Seattles park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures(20) amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to fol
32、low, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands
33、would be added in the(25) future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattles park system.According to the passage, when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan .for the Seattle public park systemA1903B1907C1909D1913 5. What
34、 unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory ensocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation o
35、n the ground. Eusocial refers to a form(5) of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals. Under most cir
36、cumstances groups of workers arc better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back(10) again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly ass
37、embled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second(15) larv
38、a to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish. for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a senes directed at any particular object is less likely to fail.
39、Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has bees some(20) documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental stud
40、ies are still relatively few. What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants an
41、d also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.The author uses the word Hence in line 16 to indicateAa logical conclusionBthe next step in a senes of stepsCa reason for further studyDthe relationship among ants 6. Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,00
42、0 years, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earths temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern(5) Antarctica. Drilling down int
43、o a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time. The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160
44、,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and temperature and of atmospheric(10)measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prev
45、ailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier. The result is a remarkable unbroken record of (15)levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbondioxide levels dropped. When the global temp
46、erature dropped 9F (5), carbon dioxide levelsdropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in awarm interglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the160,000 years of that ice(20)record, the level of carbon dioxid
47、e in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts permillion, but never rose much higher-until the industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenthcentury and continuing today. There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levelsand global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon(25)dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferousperiod. 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for aprofusion of plant life