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1、2021宁夏公共英语考试考前冲刺卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BPassage 4/B In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How to explain the change in its size and importance To answer this question w
2、e must consider certain facts about geography, history and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of Americas most famous cities. The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily-populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from acro
3、ss tile sea enter America, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea. Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into completed goods, That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed
4、more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance. About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved to the west. trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a ser
5、ious problem, The slow wagons of that time. drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europes canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across
6、the state to the Hudson River there is a long trip of low land Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After working for several years it was completed in 1825. The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller
7、 than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In later years, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that emended from the Atlantic Ocean far up
8、to the western branches of the Mississippi. The new railroads made canal shipping not as important as before, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas. Exports from
9、 New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result. Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many o
10、f them remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great numbers of new Americans. New York had to provide homes, goods and services. Their labor helped the city become greatFreight costs were reduced
11、 to 10% of what they had been because of _. Athe decline in taxesBthe construction of the railroadsCthe construction of the Erie CanalDthe development of industry 2.BPassage 3/B Dr Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the
12、 worlds first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients didnt live long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado
13、Medical School. They devised techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to pre- vent the recipients immune system from rejecting the organ an ever-present risk. But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created yet another tragic problem: a severe s
14、hortage of donor organs. As the results get better, more people go on the waiting lists and theres wider disparity between supply and need, says one doctor. The American Council on Transplantation estimated that on any given day 15 000 Americans are waiting for organs. There is no shortage of actual
15、 organs; each year about 5 000 healthy people die unexpectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20 percent become donors. This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, a person can auth
16、orize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto these posthumous gifts, but surveys indicate that 70 to 80 percent of the public would not interfere with a family members decision. The biggest roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians
17、dont ask for donations, either because they fear offending grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental. When there arent enough organs to go around, distributing the available ones becomes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors
18、 and potential recipients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Beyond the seriousness of the patients condition, doctors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time the patient has been waiting, how lon
19、g it will take to obtain an organ and whether the transplant team can gear up in time.There would be many more organ donors if _. Alaws are designed to encourage organ recyclingBpeople cant legally prevent a family member from donating his organCdoctors are more willing to ask for donationsDtranspla
20、nt surgery is more successful 3.BPassage 2/B Until the last few years, giant IBM was most workers ideal of a company with great human relations. Getting a job there meant you were set for life at one of the most enlightened firms in the world. Company benefits sounded like a whos who of worker-frien
21、dly programs. There was job security for life. You could leave work two hours early if you arrived two hours early. You could put children and elderly parents in IBM-paid care programs. You could go to graduate school full-time while still being paid. And there were no Uhourly/U workers. Everyone wa
22、s considered important and mature, so everyone was paid a salary and didnt have to punch a time clock. The firm was one of the first to institute job enrichment programs; way before the term was even invented. Everything it did was aimed at making employees feel important. And for years IBM had a hi
23、ghly motivated work force. But things have changed. IBM chairman John Akers told a startled group of management trainees that employees are too damned comfortable at a time when the business is in crisis. He also said there are too many people standing around the water cooler waiting to be told what
24、 to do. Obviously, Akers thought shock therapy was in order, Between an economic recession and competition, IBM suffered a major drop m revenue in 1991. What we need around here is a higher tension level, Akers said. So theyre making some changes at IBM. The firm slashed about 17 000 jobs. And sudde
25、nly IBM wants its managers to encourage certain workers to leave the firm. The whole situation is a dilemma for IBM. Policies such as no layoffs have done a lot to motivate workers and make them loyal. Yet in a highly competitive world it may be unwise to let employees feel too secure.The ideal of I
26、BM as a company began to change_. Aa few years agoBa few months agoCsince 1990Dafter John Akers became the General Manager 4.BPassage 1/B Would you like to orbit the Earth inside the International Space Station Now you can take a space holiday for a price This is due to a recant decision by top spac
27、e officials of the United States, Russia, Canada, Japan and the European Space Agency. Last April, American businessman Dennis Tito reportedly paid between twelve million and twenty million dollars to spend one week on the International Space Station NASA had strongly objected to the Russian plan to
28、 permit a civilian on the costly research vehicle After two years of negotiations, space officials have agreed on a process to train private citizens to take trips to the International Space Station. NASA recently agreed to conditions that will permit Russia to sell trips to the space station. The t
29、rips are planned by an American company called Space Adventures Limited of Arlington, Virginia. The company calls itself the worlds leading space tourism company. The company has sold a space trip to Mark Shuttle- worth, a South African businessman. In April, Mr Shuttleworth will be launched into sp
30、ace from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Experts say the change in policy at NASA shows a new desire to use space vehicles for business and industrial purposes. In a speech to Congress last year, NASA official Michael Hawes said that the space agency had not considered civilian travel as one
31、of the industries it wanted to develop, However, Mr Hawes said that private space travel could now be clone as long as safety measures are observed carefully. Yet, the average citizen will not be able to travel into space in the near future. Space Adventures Limited sells a training program for spac
32、e flight that costs two hundred thousand dollars. That price does not include the cost of the trip to the International Space Station. That holiday in space costs twenty million dollars, Candidates for adventure space travel trips must be in excellent health and must pass difficult health tests, The
33、y must receive a lot of training. Besides, good English can help you prepare for a space holiday. This is because all successful candidates who wish to travel to the International Space Station must be able to read and speak English.Those who want to travel in the space should _. Aafford the expense
34、s of the space tripBpass the health check and physical trainingCspeak EnglishDall of the above 5. A person becomes part of the Christian community through baptism it is a matter of choiceU (21) /Ubirth. The Christian community is a gathered communityU (22) /Uwho believe that Jesus is the Christ and
35、that they have salvationU (23) /U. It is open to males and females of any age, race, orU (24) /U. A Christian is normally affiliated with a particular parish or congregation that isU (25) /Uthe care of a particular clergy-person A baptized person is usuallyU (26) /Ua Christian by all Christians ever
36、ywhere: however, there may be some additional requirements to meet if a personU (27) /Uto a church of a different tradition. Giving money and goods needed by othersU (28) /Ua part of Christian living. Some Christians engage in tithing, theU (29) /Uof 10 percent of their income to support the work of
37、 the church,U (30) /Uincludes charitable services of those in need. Other Christians give smallerU (31) /Uof their income to the church but contribute either directly to those in need or to organizations that serve human beings or lower animals. Although some Christians believe the world will contin
38、ue to become more evil until Christ returns to earth,U (32) /Uthink that theyU (33) /Uimprove the world. Christian service to God means,U (34) /U, not only charity to meet current needs but also altering institutions and structures of society in order toU (35) /Upoverty, illness, and injustices, For
39、 some Christians, the social implications of the gospel are almost as important as the religion. John Woolman visited the slaveholders in the United States toU (36) /Uthem to free their slaves. Henry Ward Beecher openly supported a campaign to free all the slaves. Walter Rauschenbusch labored to imp
40、rove living and working conditions for poor people in cities. Albert Schweitzer brought modern medicine to people in Africa. Martin Luther King used theU (37) /Uresistance methodsU (38) /Uby Mohandas K. Gandhi to win recognition of civil right for black people of the United States. Mother Teresa wor
41、ked to save abandoned children in Calcutta. These few examples give some idea of theU (39) /Uof activitiesU (40) /Uhave fostered to improve the living conditions of their fellow humans. AinBofCunderDwith 6.BPassage 4/B In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it
42、is the largest city in America. How to explain the change in its size and importance To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of Americas most famous cities. The map of the Northeast shows that fo
43、ur of the most heavily-populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across tile sea enter America, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea. Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw m
44、aterials into completed goods, That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance. About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had
45、already moved to the west. trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem, The slow wagons of that time. drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europes canals. In New York State a cana
46、l seemed the best solution to the transportation problem From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long trip of low land Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After working for several years it was completed in 1825. The canal produced an immediate
47、effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In later years, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that emended from the Atlantic Ocean far up to the western branches of the Mississippi. The new railroads made canal shipping not as important as before, but it tied New York even more closely