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1、2021四川职称英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their nights sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state
2、of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking.
3、The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms._(46). _(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocor
4、ticotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part ref
5、lects anticipation of the stress of the waking phase. _( 48 ). We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off
6、 at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:00 ( short sleep, on one night) or 9:00(long sleep, on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (surprise) under th
7、e pretence of a technical problem._(49). We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting wit
8、h short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_(50).
9、 The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration.A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormo
10、nes.B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights.C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep.D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours.E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may a
11、lso facilitate spontaneous waking.F. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year. 2.Some things we know about language Many things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know. First, we know that all human beings have a language of
12、 some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language. Second, there is no such thing as a primitive l
13、anguage. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known 1anguages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing. This has not always been well understood; indee
14、d, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian lan
15、guages, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. They are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive five than English and Greek. A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That
16、 is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language. Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backward in time.
17、Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.race /n. 种族primitive /adj. 原始的uncivilized /adj. 不开化的，落后的complexity /n. 复杂
18、性，复杂现象nonsense /n. 胡说，没有根据的话vocabulary /n. 词汇According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in_.Agrammar.Bpronunciation.Cvocabulary.Dintonation. 3.New Technique Promises Earlier Cancer Detection A new technique could revolutionize the early detection of cancer, giving sufferers a
19、 greater chance of beating the disease, American scientists said. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a novel method of changes in the nucleus of cells in the earliest stages of the disease. More than 85 percent of all cancers originate in the epithelium (上皮) that l
20、ines the internal surfaces of organs the body. Although these are treatable they are diagnosed in one of the preventable stages, early body damages are almost to detect, said scientist Feld. We present a new optical-probe (光学探子) technique based on light-scattering spectroscopy (分光镜检查) that is able d
21、etect precancerous and early cancerous cells in cell-rich epithelia, he added in a statement. The new technique relies on the fact cell nuclei change in the early stages of cancer and the differences scatter light in a characteristic way. Until now the changes were only detectable a biopsy (活检) was
22、taken, the scientists said. The new technique, in the science journal Nature, can be used in conjunction with a routine cancer screening and surveillance technique which uses an endoscope (内窥镜) a flexible optical probe with cameras which is inserted into a cavity in the bodyto check cancers. The sci
23、entists said they their new technique in four different organs during routine endoscopic cancer screening. The tip of the optical probe was brought into contact with the tissue to be tested and the scattering of light was recorded without the need for any tissue to be , the scientists said. Our resu
24、lts show that light-scattering spectroscopy has the potential to detect pre-cancerous body damages and preinvasive cancers throughout the body. This technique should improve the efficiency of cancer screening and surveillance, the scientists said. Cancer is one of the biggest in industrialized count
25、ries. to figures from the World Health Organization, 10 million people were diagnosed with the disease worldwide in 1997 and six million died.AcapableBpossibleCimpossibleDresponsible 4.Communication Problems After 20 years of research, my colleagues and I have discovered that all communication invol
26、ves our bodies, sometimes profoundly. While we speak with words, we also speak with every fiber of our being. This language of the heart is integral to the health and emotional life of all of us. We found that even a pleasant chat about the weather can affect the cardiovascular (心血管性的) system , part
27、icularly blood pressure. The traditional way of taking blood pressurewith a stethoscope (听诊器)meant that the patient had to keep silent, and this silence prevented clinicians from discovering the link between communication and blood pressure. The breakthrough in our studies occurred in 1977, when we
28、met Ed, a typical hypertensive patient who came to the University of Marylands Psychophysiology Center for treatment. We hooked up Ed to a new com puter that could continuously monitor blood pressure. We found that his pressure immediately increased every time he spoke, even if he was discussing the
29、 most neutral topic. What was more surprising was that Ed was unaware of these changes. This finding so intrigued us we began testing others. The results were the same. Blood pressure and heart rate rose rapidly whenever people talked. We asked students to read aloud from a bland(乏味的)text. Their blo
30、od pressure and heart rate rose rapidly every time. We tested 38 deaf-mute volunteers. When these people signed, their blood pressure also increased. This confirmed our suspicion that it was the act of communication, not just talking, that led to these changes. Most normal talk is a seesaw (一上一下的动作)
31、. The rising of blood pressure when one talks is balanced by a rapid lowering of pressure when one listens. But the rhythm is out of synclinal hypertensives. They fluently fail to listen; they are on guard, defensive. So their pressure stays up.The benefits of listening are seen in the orienting ref
32、lex, discovered by Pavlov. When a dog hears a sound or sees movement, it will stop all activity and cock its head. Another Russian scientist, E.N. Soklor, noticed that the dogs heart rate slows. A similar response occurs in people tooand it lowers blood activities: reading out loud, staring at a bla
33、nk wall and watching fish in a tank. Blood pressure washing test when the people spoke. But it was lowest when they watched the fish, rather than when they simply sat and relaxed. Whether watching fish or listening to another person, attending calmly to the world outside yourself helps lower blood p
34、ressure. When I got hypertensives to listen undefensively, their blood pressure often fell dramatically. Why do some people find talking so stressful, and listening so difficult I tested some healthy newborns. When they cried, their blood pressure often doubled. We began thinking about pressure surg
35、es in hypertensives as similar to the changes when a baby cries. Though calm on the surface while talking, their bodies are screaming to be heard. For these people, communication becomes a desperate but hidden struggle. Inside their adult bodies is a baby crying, terrified because no one can hear it
36、. So how can we enjoy conversation yet keep blood pressure down By listening more, by breathing regularly while talking, by alternating between talking and paying attention to what the other person is saying. But what can hypertensives do Treatments that teach them to focus on their relationship and
37、 how to communicate in a relaxed way can be a start toward health. We can understand and cope with illness only when we view ourselves as part of a complex world beyond the confines of our own individual skin. The response of our hearts, blood vessels and muscles when we communicate with spouse, chi
38、ldren, friends and colleagues is as vital to our cardiovascular health as is exercise or diet.From the article, we can conclude that_.Ato communicate in a proper way will enable us to get more informationBmost of the people are unaware of the connection between communication patterns and healthCa pr
39、oper communication pattern is only important to the hypertensive patientsDproper communication is of vital importance to all of us 5.On Antibodies Substances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses and other infectious agents, are recognized by the body s immune system as i
40、nvaders. Our natural defenses against these infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens (抗原) and help destroy them. Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibody binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Secon
41、d, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease. Classic example are the antibodies to the childhood diseases of chickenpox(水痘) and measles. The second characteristic of antibodies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine
42、(痘苗) is a preparation of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antibodies against the antigens it contains. It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that makes monoclonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can a
43、ntibodies be used therapeutically(在治疗上), to protect against disease; they can also help to .diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood. Given such a diversity of uses for these diseas
44、ed-fighting substances, their production in pure quantities has long been the focus of scientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect those antibodies from the blood serum(血清) (Antibody containin
45、g blood serum is called antiserum (抗血清). There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody. Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large amounts of pure antibodies. in the following way
46、: we can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture (培养). If we form a hybrid (混血儿) that combines the characteristic of immortality(永生)with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a
47、 factory to produce antibodies that work around the clock. In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate (重复) endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a hybridoma (杂交瘤), which will continually produce antibodies. These a
48、ntibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies produced by conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence are called polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below. A myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow (骨髓) that can be adapted to grow permanendy in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused with antibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the resulting hybrid cells, or hybridomas, pr