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1、第六章:词汇翻译的技巧(下) 6.1 词汇转类法:翻译时在保持原文内容不变词汇转类法:翻译时在保持原文内容不变的前提下,改变原文中某些词的此类,以求译的前提下,改变原文中某些词的此类,以求译文通顺自然,合乎译入语的表达习惯。文通顺自然,合乎译入语的表达习惯。 例如例如: 1,For 20 years they were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured of good. 原译:在
2、原译:在20年中,他们是原材料价格下跌、工年中,他们是原材料价格下跌、工业品价格暴涨的消极目击者。业品价格暴涨的消极目击者。 6.1.1 英语的名词、形容词转换为汉语的英语的名词、形容词转换为汉语的动词、副词动词、副词 英语中具有动作意义或动词转化来的名英语中具有动作意义或动词转化来的名词,在翻译时往往转换为动词,而修饰词,在翻译时往往转换为动词,而修饰该名词的形容词便可相应地转换为副词。该名词的形容词便可相应地转换为副词。 例如:例如:2, We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sec
3、tors of the economy. 3, There is bit increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. 具有动作意义或有动词转化过来的名词,具有动作意义或有动词转化过来的名词,如果后面跟着起引导作用短语,前后两如果后面跟着起引导作用短语,前后两个名词往往是属于动宾关系,可译成汉个名词往往是属于动宾关系,可译成汉语的动宾短语。语的动宾短语。 例如:例如:4, His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way
4、 or another, to the overthrow of ruthless dictators. 这种句型有时也可以译成主谓(宾)结这种句型有时也可以译成主谓(宾)结构。构。 例如:例如:5,This pessimistic forecast speaks of the destruction of the balance of nature-pollution, waste and hunger. 6, The victory of justice over arbitrary acts, of reason over decadence and blindness, of demo
5、cracy over imperialism, of good over evil, our victory of 25 October will represent one of the glorious pages of our history, and we shall be able to leave it to our heirs. 6.1.2 英语的动词、副词转换为汉语的名英语的动词、副词转换为汉语的名词、形容词,词、形容词, 如英语动词转换成汉语名如英语动词转换成汉语名词,修饰英语动词的副词随之转换成汉词,修饰英语动词的副词随之转换成汉语的形容词。语的形容词。 例如:例如:7,
6、Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 8, The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 6.1.3 英语的形容词转换为汉语的动词:英语的形容词转换为汉语的动词:可转换为汉语动词的英语形容词以现在分可转换为汉语动词的英语形容词以现在分词和过去分词或动词同根者居多,也有其词和过去分词或动词同根者居多,也有其他可以延伸为
7、动词的形容词。他可以延伸为动词的形容词。 例如:例如:9,We seek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultural, scientific, technical and human ties. 10, In Chinas approach to relations with other countries, we find a welcome emphasis on the principles of the equality of states and respect fo
8、r the rights and views of small and middle powers. 英语用以表示知觉、感情、欲望等心理英语用以表示知觉、感情、欲望等心理状态的形容词与联系动词构成复合谓语状态的形容词与联系动词构成复合谓语时,汉译时一般总是转换为动词。时,汉译时一般总是转换为动词。 afraid 害怕;害怕;content 满足;满足;anxious 渴渴望;望;delighted 高兴;高兴;aware 觉察、知道;觉察、知道; doubtful 怀疑;怀疑;careful 当心、注意;当心、注意; familiar 熟悉;熟悉; certain 确信;确信;glad 高兴高
9、兴 grateful 感谢;感谢;thankful 感谢;感谢; ignorant 不知道;不知道; unaware 不知道;不知道; sorry 遗憾;遗憾; uncertain 不能确定不能确定 sure 肯定、确信肯定、确信 例如:例如:13,They expect us in the Community to work out policies of aid and trade which will show a sympathetic understanding of their own problems. 14, A week after his prelude to the Pr
10、esidents visit, China was in. 6.1.6 英语作表语的副词可转换成汉语动英语作表语的副词可转换成汉语动词词 例如:例如:15,The workers are out. 16, Shed be down in a little while. 6.1.7 英语的介词与介词词组可转成汉语的动词:英语的介词与介词词组可转成汉语的动词:英语介词可带宾语,有些有动词转化而来,具英语介词可带宾语,有些有动词转化而来,具有动词属性和意义。有动词属性和意义。 例如:例如:17, The road to development is long but we are firmly on
11、 it. 18, The European Community is the best instrument for this purpose. 19, In view of human history this could be a slight enough hope. 小结:翻译无常规,正确的做法是:在吃透原小结:翻译无常规,正确的做法是:在吃透原文的基础上,充分发挥汉语的表达优势,向考文的基础上,充分发挥汉语的表达优势,向考卷或读者奉献一份质量上乘的译文。卷或读者奉献一份质量上乘的译文。 6.2 反译法:正话反说与反话正说反译法:正话反说与反话正说 6.2.1 英汉语言表达否定的差异。
12、英汉语言表达否定的差异。 1,汉语表达否定意义的词语中含有明显的否定汉语表达否定意义的词语中含有明显的否定标志词:不、无、非、莫、勿、未、否、别、标志词:不、无、非、莫、勿、未、否、别、没有等。没有等。 2,英语的否定标志:否定词缀:英语的否定标志:否定词缀:dis-、il-、in-、non-、un-、less 表形式肯定、意义否定的各类词:表形式肯定、意义否定的各类词:fail, deny, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond 和短语:和短语:instead of, in place of 结构形式:结构形式:morethan, other tha
13、n,rather than等。等。 3, 思维方式的差异思维方式的差异 例:例:1,I used to be amused by an aunt who never drove anywhere without a box of Graham crackers. 2, 油漆未干油漆未干 3,我们讨论中国文化问题,不要忘记这,我们讨论中国文化问题,不要忘记这些基本观点。些基本观点。 4,No one get out of this world alive, and few people come through life without at least one serious illness.
14、 (01年华中理工大)年华中理工大) 6.2.2 正话反说:英汉语言中的肯定形式在汉英正话反说:英汉语言中的肯定形式在汉英语言中译成否定形式。语言中译成否定形式。 例:例:5,True, reading is far from the only source of knowledge. 6, (Its overtime. Sudden death, pal.) You want me, but I want you even more. 7, Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious. 8, Indeed, this
15、nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. 9, 我说道,我说道,“爸爸,你走吧。爸爸,你走吧。”他往车外看了他往车外看了看,说:看,说:“我买几个橘子去。你就在此地,不我买几个橘子去。你就在此地,不要走动。要走动。” 6.2.3 反话正说:英汉两种语言中表示否定的形反话正说:英汉两种语言中表示否定的形式在汉英语言中译成肯定形式,反之亦然。式在汉英语言中译成肯定形式,反之亦然。 例:例:10,The t
16、hought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation. 11, A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 12, 但花下也缺不了成群结队的但花下也缺不了成群结队的“清国留学生清国留学生”的速成班。的速成班。 13,他承认有不少国家和公众对中国的了解还,他承认有不少国家和公众对中国的了解
17、还不够。不够。 14,Harvard Business School opened in the early 20th century, and pioneered the case-study method of teachingmaking use of real-world scenarios, instead of relying on academic theorya methodology that has remained the basis for many MBA programs around the world today. 6.3 分译法:英译汉中,英语词的多个语义成分
18、译法:英译汉中,英语词的多个语义成分,只有分解其语义。分,只有分解其语义。 例:例:1,It is an important catalyst to the cause of our liberation. 原译:这是我国解放事业的重要触媒(催化原译:这是我国解放事业的重要触媒(催化剂)。剂)。 2, He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences. 3, Mr. Dubacher, a gregarious, ruddy-
19、faced man, seems an unlikely savior of birds, having no degree in ornithology or zoology or formal training in wildlife care. 6.4 释义法:通过解释词义来达到译文的深层释义法:通过解释词义来达到译文的深层对应。对应。 例:例:1,Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 原译:上台时的里根有着执政初期卡特的镜子原译:上台时的里根有着执政初期卡特的镜子形象。形象。 2,The study had a Spartan
20、 look. 原译:这间书房有一种斯巴顿式的景象。原译:这间书房有一种斯巴顿式的景象。 3, The system is the brainchild of Lior Hessel. 原译:这个系统是莱奥原译:这个系统是莱奥 郝塞尔大脑的产儿。郝塞尔大脑的产儿。4, Words are not themselves a reality but only representation for it, and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality.
21、5, 我们是一个萝卜一个坑,腾不出人手来。我们是一个萝卜一个坑,腾不出人手来。 6,(深圳)他们自己总结经验,由内向型转,(深圳)他们自己总结经验,由内向型转为外向型,就是说能够变成工业基地,并能够为外向型,就是说能够变成工业基地,并能够打进国际市场。打进国际市场。 下列句子怎样翻译:下列句子怎样翻译: 7, Give us this day our daily bread. 8, Black people have all too often found the American Dream a nightmare. 9, Why dangerous doctors keep doctoring? 10, I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse?