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1、 公民法律运用的法理探究专业名称：法学 申 请 人 ：夏 灿 指导教师：黄竹胜教授论文答辩委员会主席：公民法律运用的法理探究姓名：夏灿导师姓名：黄竹胜学科专业：法学研宄方向：法学理论年级：2016 级摘要在中国特色社会主义法律体系形成之后，从法律体系迈向法治体系关键要靠法律的有 效实施，不断将“纸面上的法律”变为“行动中的法律”，最大限度地发挥法律的实际效 果，法律实施成为当前全面推进依法治国的重大实践任务。共识性的法学理论认为法律实 施主要包含法律遵守、法律执行、法律适用以及法律监督这四个途径，我国法律实施的显 著特征是国家主导型的实施模式，法律实施的理论研宄范式普遍受国家主导法律实施思维
2、的影响，研究成果主要侧重国家实施法律的视角，公民在法律实施中的地位和作用成为一 个被长期忽视的问题。笔者从党的十八届四中全会提出全面依法治国，形成“高效的法治 实施体系”，建设法治国家、法治政府、法治社会的任务出发，反思我国几十年以来法律 实施的实践过程和理论成就，分析当前法治建设转型过程中的突出问题，提出需要重视公 民法律运用在法律实施中的主体地位和作用，全面提升公民法律运用能力。国家主导型的法律实施模式在我国法治社会建设转型中面临公民自主性、主动性和参 与性不足的问题，相较于守法公民法律运用更具有主体性、主动性和参与性，公民法律运 用是贯穿于法律实施的全过程和全方位，是法治社会建设不可或缺
3、的重要过程和必经阶 段。笔者采用了历史分析、理论分析、对比分析和案例分析的研宄方法，运用法社会学、 行为主义法学等学科的视野开展研宄。首先，研宄公民法律运用在法律实施体系中的地位 和作用。从法律实施的概念入手研宄我国法律实施的基本理论，分析我国法律实施的显著 特征是国家主导型的模式，明确了我们国家法治建设正处的历史阶段和面临转型的实践任 务，分析了国家主导法律实施的影响，反思了公民法律行为成为我国学界长期忽视的研究 视角，突出分析了公民法律运用在法律实施中的地位和作用，提出公民法律运用将成为法 律实施体系中的一种新的期待。其次，阐释了公民法律运用的基本法理问题。在研宄法律 运用的基本概念的基础
4、上，溯源了法律运用的理论思想，从实践中归纳出我国公民法律运 用的四种基本态度，理论分析了影响公民法律运用的因素，考察了我国公民法律运用的六 种类型，研宄了公民法律运用的场域和动力因素。再次，运用比较分析和案例分析的方法 考察了中外公民法律运用的现状。通过两个案例管窥我国公民的守法状况和维权方式，运 用文献研宄的方法重点考察了美、法、日、新四个国家公民法律运用的实际状况，对比分 析出我国公民法律运用的能力较法治发达国家薄弱，研宄了我国公民法律运用能力欠缺的 表现和原因，并总结了域外国家公民法律运用的经验和对我国的启示。最后，提出提升我 国公民法律运用能力的路径。从培育现代法治公民，培育公民法律运
5、用的动力，构建公民法律运用的渠道，健全公民法律运用的制度保障，加强公民法律运用的环境保障等方面提 出建议，在结语中发出一一公民法律运用是法治社会建设的一场革命的呼告。本文的创新之处在于，运用公民法律运用这一新的学术视角研宄法律实施问题，为构 建公民法律运用的基本理论进行了初步地探索性研宄，从公民法律运用的视角为法治国 家、法治社会的建设提供一种新的理论思路。关键词：法律运用；公民；法理A Study on Jurisprudence of Citizens9 Legal ApplicationAfter the formation of the socialist legal system w
6、ith Chinese characteristics, the key to moving from the legal system to the system of rule of law depends on the effective implementation of the law, constantly turning nthe law on paper“ into Mthe law in action.“ To give full play to the actual effect of the law, the implementation of the law has b
7、ecome a major practical task to promote the mle of law in an all-round way. According to the common law theory, the implementation of law mainly includes four ways: law compliance, law enforcement, law application and law supervision. The prominent feature of law enforcement in China is the state-le
8、d mode of implementation. The theoretical research paradigm of law enforcement is generally influenced by the thinking of state-led law enforcement. The results mainly focus on the perspective of national law enforcement, the status and role of citizens in the implementation of the law has become a
9、long-term issue. The author puts forward the task of ailing the country by law in an all-round way, forming an efficient implementation system of the mle of law, building a country ailed by law, a government ailed by law, and a society ruled by law at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Centr
10、al Committee. Reflecting on the practical process and theoretical achievements of the implementation of law in the past decades in China, this paper analyzes the outstanding problems in the process of the transformation of the construction of the mle of law at present, and puts forward the need to a
11、ttach importance to the main role of citizen law in the implementation of law. We will improve citizens ability to apply laws in an all-round way.The state-led mode of law enforcement faces the problems of citizen autonomy, initiative and participation in the transformation of the construction of th
12、e rule of law society in our country, which is more subjective, active and participatory than the law-abiding citizens application of law. The application of citizen law runs through the whole process and omni-directional of the law enforcement, and is an indispensable and necessary stage in the con
13、stmction of the mle of law society. In this paper, the author will use the historical analysis, theoretical analysis, comparative analysis and case analysis of research methods, using sociology of law, behavioural law and other disciplines of vision to carry out research. First of all, to study the
14、status of the application of citizen law in the system of law enforcement. Function. StartingName: Xia Can Major:LawName of Mentor: Huang Zhu-sheng Research direction:Jurisprudence Grade:2016AbstractMIwith the concept of law enforcement, this paper analyzes the basic theory of law enforcement in our
15、 country, analyzes that the mode of state-led law enforcement is the characteristic of law enforcement in our country, and clarifies the historical stage and practical task of the turn of the construction of national rule of law. This paper analyzes on the influence of state-led law enforcement, ref
16、lects on the research perspective that citizens legal behavior has been neglected for a long time in the academic circles of our country, and highlights the position and function of citizen law application in the implementation of law. Put forward the citizen law application will become a kind of ne
17、w expectation in the law enforcement. Secondly, it explains the basic legal principle of the application of citizen law. On the basis of studying the basic concept of the application of law, we can trace back to it. Based on the theory and thought of the application of law, this paper sums up four b
18、asic attitudes of Chinese citizens in the application of law, analyzes on the factors that influence the application of law, and examines the six types of the application of law by citizens in our country. This paper studies the field and dynamic factors of citizens application of law. Thirdly, usin
19、g the methods of comparative study and case study, this paper examines the current situation of citizens application of law in China and foreign countries, through two cases to see the law-abiding situation and the way of safeguarding the rights of citizens in our country, and uses the method of lit
20、erature research to focus on the study of beauty, law and Japan. The actual situation of citizen law application in the new four countries is compared and analyzed, and the ability of citizen law application in our country is more developed than that of mle of law. The weak state studies the perform
21、ance and reasons of the lack of citizens legal application ability in our country, and analyzes the experience and enlightenment to our country in the application of citizens law outside the country. Finally, put forward the path to improve the ability of our citizens to apply the law. Some suggesti
22、ons are put forward from the aspects of cultivating modern citizens under the mle of law, cultivating the motive force of citizens legal application, constructing the channels of citizens legal application, perfecting the system guarantee of citizens legal application, and strengthening the environm
23、ental protection of citizens legal application, and so on. In the conclusion-the application of citizen law is a revolutionary call for the construction of a society ruled by law.The innovation of this paper is that the application of citizen law is a new academic perspective to study the implementa
24、tion of law, and a preliminary exploratory study is carried out for the construction of the basic theory of citizen law application，from the perspective of the application of citizen law for a country ruled by law. The construction of the rule of law society provides a new theoretical thinking.Keywo
25、rds: application of Law; Citizen; Jurisprudence目录触.IAbstract.Ill谢仑.1(一） 问题提出 .1(二） 研宄目的和意义 .21研究目的.22研究意义.3(三） 国内外研究综述 .31. 国内研宄综述.32. 国外研宄综述 .4(四） 研宄思路、研宄重点和拟创新之处 .61研宄思路.62研究重点.63拟创新之处.7(五） 研宄方法 .7一、 公民法律运用在法律实施体系中的地位和作用.8(一） 法律实施概述 .81 法律实施的概念.82法律实施的主体.93法律实施的方式.10(二） 法律运行、法律实施、法律实现 .101相关概念.102
26、.相关概念辨析.11(三） 法律实施法学研宄的转向与反思 .111法学研宄的转向.122.法律实施机制的反思.13(四） 法律实施：国家主导的影响 .131. 国家主导型法律实施模式及其影响.132. 公民法律行为一个被忽视的视角 .14(五） 从遵守法律走向法律运用 .151公民守法何以实现.152公民法律运用可以期待.15二、 公民法律运用的法理阐释.17(一）公民法律运用概述17(二） 溯源法律运用思想 .181. 法社会学思想.182行为主义法学思想.191. 法律接受理论 .19(三） 公民法律运用的态度 .201 敬畏法律.202利用法律.213漠视法律.214反抗法律.21(三）
27、 影响公民法律运用的要素 .221公民个体人格因素.222. 日常行为理念 .223群体行为.234社会法治环境.235社会法治文化.24(四） 公民法律运用的类型 .241. 自主运用法律.242. 运用乡土法杰 .243运用律师.252. 运用法律援助 .255运用行政机构.266法律滥用.26(五） 公民法律运用的场域 .271 运用的时间场域.282运用的空间场域.28(六） 公民法律运用的动力因素 .291. 法律运用的利益因素.292. 法律运用的社会因素 .303. 法律运用的效率因素 .304. 法律运用的能力因素 .30三、中外公民法律运用的现状考察.32(一） 我国公民法律
28、运用的考察 .321. 我国公民法律遵守一一以城市交通信号灯为例.322. 我国公民维权方式一一以公民信访为例 .33(二） 外国公民法律运用的考察 .34l._.342關.353. 时 .354亲獅皮 .36(三） 我国公民法律运用欠缺的表现与原因 .371. 我国公民法律运用欠缺的表现.372我国公民法律运用欠缺的原因.38(四） 域外经验与启示 .381公民法律运用的域外经验.382域外经验对我国的启示.39四、提升我国公民法律运用能力的路径 .41(一） 培育现代法治公民 .411加强公民法治素养培育.412培育公民正确的权利观.423培育公民理性的维权观.424培育现代公民意识.43
29、(二） 提升公民法律运用的动力 .431当事人资格的扩大.442. 的求嫌 .443损害赔偿.444律师费用.45(三） 完善公民法律运用的渠道 .451信息化的法律平台建设.452加强法律服务机构建设.463公民参与公共法律活动.464公共法律服务体系建设.47(四） 公民法律运用能力的制度保障 .471立法保障公民法律运用.482执法保障公民法律运用.483司法保障公民法律运用.494. 法律监督制度保障公民法律运用 .49(五） 公民法律运用能力的环境保障 .501公民法律运用的政治保障.502. 公民法律运用的经济保障 .503. 公民法律运用的文化保障 .51VII4公民法律运用的社会保障.51 结语公民法律运用是法治社会建设的一场革命 .53鋪 .54#敎南犬 .59致谢声明VIII在 2011 年中国特色社会主义法律体系形成之后，我国社会基本实现了有法可依，摆 在我们面前的任务是如何将“纸面上的法律”变为“行动中的法律”，如何将抽象行为模 式的法律变成主体的具体行为，如何最大限度地发挥现有法律的实际效果，法律的有效实 施成为当前法治建设的重点和迫切任务。党的十八届四中全会提出全面推进依法治国，建 设中国特色社会主义法治体系，建设社会主义法治国家。强调形成“五大体系”，即完备 的法律规范体系、高效的法治实施体系、严密的法治监督体系、有力的法治保障体系