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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上环境科学与工程专业英语U3 What is waste reduction/waste minimization?1. 句子英译中(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on shelf too long become wasted.因搁置太久而失去使用价值的原料变成废品。(2）Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, in
2、crease the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.不洁部分或废酸洗液的时间不足会导致反应物利用率不高，增加废物处理费用和替代物质费用。（3）Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadminum bath.洛克希德成功地把碱性氰化物镉水浴转变成为了酸性非氰化物镉水浴。（4）Dont try to reinvent the wheel. Develop ne
3、tworking partners to share ideas.不要走老路。结识合作伙伴，分享理念。2. 词组英译中Waste reduction/waste minimization 垃圾减量化/垃圾最小化；in-process 在过程中；housekeeping家务管理；equipment modification设备改进；landfills废物填埋场；biodegradable solvents能进行生物降解的溶剂；volatile chemicals稳定的化学物质；management commitment管理委员会。U4 Test : Environmental Analysis1
4、. 词组英译中Precision and accuracy准确度和精确度；bulk collection批量收集；matrix material基体材料（基质）；Analysis sequence分析序列；multivariate statistics多元统计；interactive effect相互影响；insofar在范围下；Overall analytical scheme整体分析方案。5. translate paragraph 14 into Chinese.Environment analysis involves the performance of chemical，physi
5、cal，and biological measurements in an environmental system . This system may involve either the natural or the polluted environment，although the term“environmental analysis”is increasingly used to refer only to situations in which measurements are made of pollutants .Normally，four types of measureme
6、nts are made：qualitative analysis to identify the species present；quantitative analysis to determine how much of the species is present；speciation or characterization to establish details of chemical form and the manner in which the pollutant is actually present (such as being adsorbed onto the surf
7、ace of a particle)；and impact analysis in which measurements are made for the specific purpose of determining the extent to which an environmental impact is produced by the pollutants in question . The overall objective of environmental analysis is to obtain information about both natural and pollut
8、ant species present in the environment so as to make a realistic assessment of their probable behavior . In the case of pollutants，this involves assessment of their actual or potential environmental impact，which may be manifest in several ways . Thus，a pollutant species may present a toxicological h
9、azard to plants or animals .It may also cause contamination of resources (such as air，water，and soil) so that they cannot be utilized for other purposes . The effects of pollutants on materials，especially building materials，may be another area of concern and one which is often very visible and displ
10、easing (for example，the defacing of ancient statues by dioxide in the atmosphere) . A further area of environmental impact involves esthetic depreciation such as reduced visibility，dirty skies，and unpleasant odors .Finally，it is important to recognize that an environmental impact may not always be d
11、iscernible by normal human perception so that detection may require sophisticated chemical or physical analyses . In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental analysis，this field may be considered from three points of view：the basic concepts underlying the reaso
12、ns for and choice of the analyses which are normally performed；the available technique and methodology commonly used；and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis .环境分析包括性能的化学、物理和生物测量在一个环境系统。这个系统可能涉及要么自然或污染环境,尽管术语“环境分析”是越来越多的使用仅仅在哪些情况下测量的污染物。通常情况下,四种类型的测量是:定性分析确定物种的礼物;定量分析,确定有多少物种
13、存在;物种形成或特性建立细节的化学形式和方式,在污染物实际上是现在的(如被吸附到表面的粒子);和影响分析,测量是为特定目的的确定环境影响程度产生的污染物的问题。环境分析的总体目标是获取信息和污染物种类都是自然存在于环境,使一个现实的评估他们的可能的行为。对于污染物,这包括评估他们的实际或潜在的环境影响,这可能是体现在几个方面。因此,一个污染物种类可能提出一个毒理学危害植物或动物。它也可能导致污染的资源(如空气、水和土壤),这样他们就不能用于其他目的。污染物在材料的影响,尤其是建筑材料,可能是另一个值得关注的领域,一个通常非常明显和令人不愉快的(例如,丑化的古希腊雕像由二氧化碳在大气中)。进一步
14、的区域环境影响涉及审美折旧如能见度的,肮脏的天空,和不愉快的气味。最后,重要的是要认识到,环境影响可能并不总是由正常的人类感知明显,以便检测可能需要复杂的化学或物理分析。为了提供一个有意义的描述的一般环境分析的领域,这个领域可以考虑从三个观点:基本概念和选择的原因的分析,一般执行;可用的技术和方法学常用;和当前状态的功能在环境分析。U8 Type and sources of air pollutants1. 英译中Primary pollutant一次污染物；secondary pollutant二次污染物；air stagnation空气停滞；herbicide除草剂；nitrous ox
15、ide一氧化二氮；nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮；soot煤烟；dust灰尘；smog烟雾；ozone臭氧；pesticide杀虫剂。2. 中译英正常浓度normal concentration； 严重污染的serious pollution determining factors；液体微滴liquid droplets；光化学氧化物photochemical oxide；放射性物质radioactive substances；不完全氧化incomplete oxidation；含硫的sulfur-containing；风化wind erosion；汽车尾气automobile ex
16、haust.3. What Is Air Pollution？Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans，other animals，vegetation or materials . There are two major types of air pollutants . A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the a
17、ir that occurs in a harmful concentration . It can be a natural air component，such as carbon dioxide，that rises above its normal concentration，or something not usually found in the air，such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline . A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical f
18、ormed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components . Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation . The geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and M
19、exico City，makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup . 空气污染是什么?空气污染空气,通常定义为包含一个或更多的化学物质浓度足够高伤害人类,其他动物,植物或材料。主要有两种类型的空气污染物。一个主要的空气污染物是一种化学直接添加到空气,发生在一个有害的浓度。它可以是一个自然空气组件,比如二氧化碳,这高于正常浓度,或者是没有通常的空气中找到,比如铅化合物排放汽车燃烧含铅汽油。一个二次空气污染物是一种有害的化学大气中形成通过化学反应在空气组件。严重的空气污染的
20、结果通常在一个城市或其他地区,是高水平的污染物排放在一段空气停滞。地理位置的一些人口稠密的城市,如洛杉矶和墨西哥城,让它们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和污染积聚。 4.英译中To escape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows, and breathe in clean air. But a number ofScientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outd
21、oor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include：（1）nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves without adequate ventilation; (2) carbon monoxide soot，and cancer-causing benzopyrene (from cigarette smoke); (3) various organic compounds from aerosol spray cans and clea
22、ning products；（4）formaldehyde（which causes cancer in rats）from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation，plywood，carpet adhesives, and particle board；（5）radioactive radon and some of its decay products from stone， soil， cement， and bricks；and（6） ozone from the use of electrostatic air cleaners.为了躲避烟雾你可能会去的家
23、，关闭门窗，呼吸清洁的空气.但是一些科学家已经发现，在一个烟雾弥漫的一天房子内和办公室内的空气比室外空气污染和危险的。室内污染物包括：(1)由于没有足够的通风产生一氧化碳和二氧化碳；(2)二氧化碳、烟煤和致癌物质苯并芘（来自抽烟）；(3)各种有机化合物的喷雾罐和清洁产品；(4)脲醛泡沫绝缘材料，胶合板，地毯胶粘剂，和刨花板的甲醛（大鼠）会导致癌症；(5)和一些放射性氡及其衰变产物的石头，泥土，水泥和砖；(6)使用静电空气净化器的臭氧为零。U11 Test: effects of air pollution1.英译中(1) Reduction in visibility results in a
24、 social cost due to slowdown of air traffic and the need for instrument-guided landing systems. 减少能见度产生的社会成本是由于经济放缓的空中交通和需要仪表引导着陆系统.（2）These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed, and the required protective measures or design modifications add to the cost of th
25、e item being produced.这些影响都考虑当敏感元件的设计,和所需的保护措施或设计修改添加到项目的成本被生产。2. 中译英肺囊lung sac； 氟中毒fluoric cachexia ；煤烟soot；呼吸系统respiratory system；过滤filte ； 吸附adsorption；浓度concentration；硫化氢hydrogen sulfide；硫化铅lead sulfideU12 water pollution and pollutant1. 英译汉Treatment facilities净化结构；municipality 市政；population equ
26、ivalent 人口当量； basement flooding 地下室泛滥；per capital 按人均计算； per day 每天；runoff 径流量；domestic sewage生活污水；the type of terrain 地形3. 翻译“Industrial wastewater”部分 U16 Biological wastewater treatment1. 英译汉Biological degradation生物降解；equalization basin调节池；aeration basin曝气池；sludge flocs 絮凝体；settling tank沉淀池；dissol
27、ved oxygen溶解氧；biofilm 生物膜；suspended growth悬浮生长3. 翻译下段文字High biomass systems：Many current approaches to high biomass systems employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process . High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe . During the past few years，a number of in
28、vestigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRC)have been reported . Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance，sludge settleability，and effluent quality .Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of addition
29、al aeration tanks and clarifiers (or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements，increased process stability，and capital/operating cast savings . High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventional activated sludge plan
30、t . More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance，and，to some extent，this is true for some of the systems . In addition， the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biomass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum s
31、ystem performance . The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrations in these systems can increase overall power consumption . To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks，power input may have to be increased . Also，the presence of additional biomass increase
32、s system oxygen requirements which，in turn，requires additional power input . In addition，high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification，which also can affect overall power consumption . Such factors should be addressed when analyzing operating casts . 高生物系统:许多当前的方法系统采用高生物量结合固定膜过
33、程中暂停了生物质。高生物系统已经获得了一定的知名度在欧洲。在过去的几年中,许多调查进行的德意志联邦共和国(FRC)已经被报道。在优势归因于这种系统已经改善硝化性能、污泥沉降性,和废水的质量。 理由选择高生物系统建设的额外充气坦克和clarifiers(或其他二级处理过程)包括减少空间的需求,增加过程稳定,和资本/操作铸储蓄。 高生物系统要求安装附加设备,包含在一个传统的活性污泥植物。更多的安装设备通常意味着更多的维护,并且,在某种程度上,这是真实的系统。此外,存在两个暂停和固定生物质形式和较高的生物量浓度可能需要一定程度的额外的操作符时间实现系统最优的性能。 惰性支持媒体的存在和较高的生物量浓
34、度在这些系统可以提高整体功耗。以达到所需的混合模式在翻新充气坦克、电源输入可能必须增加。同时,存在额外的生物量增加系统氧需求,这反过来需要额外的输入功率。此外,高生物系统一般收益率更高水平的硝化作用,这也会影响整体功耗。这些因素时,需要考虑分析操作投射。U20 Test：sources and types of solid wastesSources of solid wastes are，in general，related to land use and zoning . Although any number of source classifications can be develo
35、ped，the following categories have been found useful：(1) residential，(2) commercial，(3) municipal，(4) industrial，(5) open areas，(6) treatment plants，and(7) agricultural . Typical wastes generation facilities，activities，or locations associated with each of these source are presented in Table 1. The ty
36、pes of wastes generated，which are discussed next，are also identified .固体废物的来源,一般来说,相关土地使用和分区。尽管任何数量的源的分类可以发展,以下类别已经发现有用的:(1)住宅;(2)商业,(3)市、(4)工业,(5)开放区域,(6)处理厂,(7)农业。典型的废物代设施、活动、或位置相关的每个这些源代码展示在表1。生成的类型的废物,讨论接下来,也可以标识。 Hazardous Wastes Chemical，biological，flammable，explosive，or radioactive wastes tha
37、t pose a substantial danger，immediately or over time，to human，plant，or animal life are classified as hazardous . Typically，these wastes occur as liquids，but they are often found in the form of gases，solids，or sludges .In all cases，these wastes must be handled and disposed of with great care and caut
38、ion . 危险废物 化学、生物、易燃、易爆、或放射性废物,造成实际危险,立即或随着时间的推移,人类、植物、动物、被列为危险。通常,这些废物发生在液体,但他们经常发现在气体、固体的形式,或烂泥。在所有的情况下,这些废物的处理和处置必须非常小心和谨慎。3.中译英（1）饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快地腐烂。Food waste is that it has the important features of the decay resistance, especially in warm weather, it can very quickly decay.除了在家庭
39、生产饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物。In addition to household production food waste outside, in the cafeteria, restaurants, hospitals ， prisons and institutions, such as wholesale, retail and food market, all can produce a lot of food waste. U21 Text: Everybodys Problems - Hazardous
40、Waste1. Every year ，billions of tons of solid wastes are discarded in the United States . These wastes range in nature from common household trash to complex 马特s in industrial wastes，sewage sludge，agricultural residues，mining refuse and pathological wastes from institutions such as hospitals and lab
41、oratories .The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 1980 that at least 57 million metric tons of the nations total waste load can be classified as hazardous . Unfortunately，many dangerous materials that society has “thrown away”over recent decades have endured in the environment-ma
42、king household words of “Love Canal”and “Valley of the Drums.”These two incidents are not unique . The EPA has on file hundreds of documented cases of damage to life and the environment resulting from the indiscriminate or improper management of hazardous wastes . The vast majority of cases involve
43、pollution of ground water- the source of drinking water for about half of the U.S.population - from improperly sited or operated landfills and surface impoundments（pits，Ponds and lagoons）. In addition to polluting ground water，the improper handling or disposal of hazardous waste can cause several ot
44、her kinds of environmental damage，as illustrated by these case histories（often involving more than one form of damage）from EPA records .每年,数十亿吨固体废弃物丢弃在美国。这些废物范围从普通家庭在自然界垃圾到复杂工业废物马特年代,污水污泥、农业残留物,矿业垃圾和病理废物等机构的医院和实验室。美国环境保护署(EPA)1980年的估计,至少有5700万吨的国家浪费负载可以分为危险。不幸的是,许多危险的材料,社会已经“扔掉”在最近的几十年里经历了在环境使家喻户晓的“
45、爱管”和“谷的鼓。”这两个事件并不是唯一的。美国环保署对文件数百的案例生活和环境的破坏所造成的不加区别的或者危险废物的管理不当。绝大多数病例涉及污染的地下水饮用水的来源有大约一半的美国人口-从垃圾填埋场选址不当或操作和表面impoundments(坑、池塘和泻湖)。除了污染地下水,处理不当或处置危险废物可以导致其他类型的环境破坏,就表明了这些案例记录(通常涉及超过一种形式的伤害)从EPA记录。2. 汉译英 (1) 如果对有害废物的处理不恰当，可能会引发其他种类的环境危害。 If the hazardous waste treatment is not proper, may lead to o
46、ther kinds of environmental hazards. (2) 现在用于处理这些废物的费用要远高于过去的费用。 Now used to deal with the waste costs more than the cost of the past.U 26 Text: Global Change1. 英译汉 United Nations Environment Program 联合国环境规划署，greenhouse warming 温室变暖 ，surrogate measurements 代孕测量 ， databases 数据库 ，global warming trend
47、全球变暖趋势，species extinction 物种灭绝 ，ozone enrichment 臭氧浓缩，polar amplification 极地放大，global temperature distribution 全球温度分2. 汉译英 海岸过度开发 Coast excessive development，津浪（海啸地震） Tsunami earthquake，沙漠化 desertification，碳循环 Carbon cycle，全球气候循环 Global climate cycle，过度放牧 overgrazing，过度砍伐 Excessive deforestation，干旱地
48、区 Arid region，有机分子 Organic molecules，温室气体排放 Greenhouse gas emissions，生物圈 biosphere，生态系统 Ecological system，生物多样性 biodiversity;3. The changes in global temperature distribution could have profound effect on the global climate cycles，because climate patterns are driven in part by differences in surface temperature at different latitudes .Although the direction of change is difficult to predict，it can be expected that monsoon rains，tropical cyclones and hurricanes ，precipitation patterns over the continents，and the frequen