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1、English Renaissance (I)(14th century-mid 17th century)Instructor: Guo Xin HistoricalBackgroundEnglish History after ChaucersDeathIntellectual& Cultural BackgroundReligiousBackground Renaissance& Humanism（人文主义）（人文主义）English Language: King James Bible&PrintingEconomic&DiplomaticBackground Geoffrey Cha
2、ucer1.Representative of Medieval English Literature2.Father of English Poetrypraise from John Dryden3.Prophet for English Renaissance humanist4.One of the early realist5.He dominated literary works of his times(15th century )6.Literary legacy: Edmund Spencer and William ShakespeareChaucers Masterpie
3、ce: The Canterbury TalesvGeneral Prologue1.Gathering Place: Tabard Inn in Southwark, a suburb of London2.Characters: 32 pilgrims (representatives of various walks of life and social groups)3.Purpose : on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury 4.Reason for telling talesthe innke
4、epers suggestion for telling talesone pilgrim tells two story on the way to Canterbury and on the way backChaucers Literary Contribution1.He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types: octosyllabic couplet, heroic couplet (the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter)2.He laid th
5、e foundation for the later development of other literary genres3.He first wrote in English language: Middle English. 4.He made the London dialect the foundation for modern English language. 1.English History (1400)vThe War of Roses(1455-1485)Self-Destruction of NobilityvThe reign of Tudors1.Henry VI
6、Is reign2.Henry VIIIs reign3.Edward VIs reign4.Queen Marys reign5.Queen Elizabeths reign House of YorkHouse of TudorHouse of Lancaster2.Intellectual Background: 2.1 RenaissancevTime Span: the 14th mid-17th centuriesvPlace: Italy (painting, sculpture & literature) the rest of EuropevMeaning: rebirth
7、or revivalvFeatures:1.Thirsting Curiosity for the Classical Literature: Dissatisfaction with the Catholic & Feudal Ideas2.Keen Interest in the Activities of Humanity2.1 Renaissance: vAttempts of European humanist thinkers and scholars1.Getting rid of Catholic & Feudal ideas in medieval Europe2.Intro
8、ducing new bourgeoisie ideas lKeynote of Renaissance: Humanism Restoration of reverence for antique authors in Greek & Roman civilization man is the measure of all things.(人人是万物的尺度是万物的尺度)Against & ForvAgainst Catholic & Feudalist Ideas: 1.Individuals: subordination to feudalist rule without freedom2
9、.Emphasis on afterlife nFor New Bourgeoisie Ideas1.Human beings: glorious creatures capable of self-development & personal perfection2.Emphasis on earthly life: enjoy the beauty of this life rather than the after life 2.2 English HumanismvBeginning: Dutch Scholar Desidus Erasmus teaching in Englandv
10、Oxford Reformers: Introduction of the classical literature to England and Education Reformation2.2 English LanguageA.The Authorized Version: King James Bible:Time: 1611Influence:1.Religious Reformation: Break from Roman InfluenceLatin Version2.Confirmation of the standard modern English3.Style of Bi
11、blical English: simple and dignified language2.2 English LanguageB.Introduction of Printing into EnglandvWilliam Caxton: the first English printer & influential translatorvLasting Influence on the Development of English Culture:1.Introduction of foreign literature into England: influence on the styl
12、e of English literature2.Faster Spread of English Literary Works3.Translated Works: Origin for Later Writers Works3.1 Religious ReformationvEuropean Reformation: recovery of purity of early church Martin Luther: every true Christian was his own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible for hims
13、elfvEnglish Reformation: Historical Background1.Henry VIIIs personal need: a legitimate heir & his six marriages2.English peoples need: dissatisfaction with the churchs corruption & inspiration by European reformers Henry VIII & his MarriagesCatherine of AragonBloody MaryAnne BoleynQueen ElizabethJa
14、ne SeymourEdward VI3.2 English Religious Reformation vFull Development1.Henry VIII claimed himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 15342.The Bible in English was used in every church & services were held in English3.Edwards further religious reform vAftermath:1.Retrogression: Bloody
15、Marys restoration of CatholicismCounter-Reformation2.Elizabeths compromise between Catholicism & Protestantism4. Economic & Diplomatic BackgroundvEnclosure Movement: transformation of arable land into pasturevEconomic Expansion:1.Encouragement from Queen Elizabeth: exploration2.Francis Drake & John
16、HawkinsvAnglo-Spanish War (1585): 1.Rivalry with Spain in Commercial Expansion2.Rout of Spanish ArmandaFlourishing ofEnglish LiteratureHistorical & Cultural BackgroundThree Stages in English LiteratureBeginning: Oxford Reformers (1485-1558)Peak : Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)Reign of James I, Charles
17、I & Puritan RevolutionTranslation of Classical Literature inElizabethan AgePoetry Essay DramaElizabethan Poetryvgoals of humanistic poetry: skillful handling of conventions, force of language & development of a rhetorical planvfamous poets：(1)pastoral convention: Edmund Spenser & Christopher Marlowe
18、(2)poetry & poetic drama: Shakespeare & Ben JonsonLiterary Terms About PoetryvSonnet（十四行诗十四行诗）：14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed1.Petrarchan（彼特拉克的彼特拉克的） : octet(8行行)+ sestet(6行行)2.Shakespearian（莎士比亚的莎士比亚的） : 3 quatrains （四行诗）（四行诗） + couplet(双行体双行体）vBlank verse （无韵体诗）（无韵体诗）: unrhymed i
19、ambic pentameter Closest to the natural rhythms of English speechIambic PentametervIamb （抑扬格）：（抑扬格）： a metrical unit of verse, having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. e.g.: beyond bijnd vPentameter（五步）（五步）: a metrical verse line having five main stresses, traditionally desc
20、ribed as a line of five feet.ve.g.: If win/ter comes/, can Spring /be far /behind? if win/t kms /kn spri/ bi f:/ bihaindI. Edmund SpenservLiterary Importance:1.the Poets poet , a model of poetical art. 2.the first master of English verse3.The language used since the publication of his work The Sheph
21、erds Calendar is called modern English.4.Master musician & painter in his allegorical masterpiece The Faerie QueeneSpensers Literary Works1)The Shepherds Calendar(牧人笔记牧人笔记): It is a pastoral poem of 12 eclogues which was written in different metres and love is the dominant theme. Its publication mar
22、ked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the Northern island of England.2)The Faerie Queene(仙后仙后): dedication poem献诗 The dominating thoughts of it: nationalism, humanism and Puritanism The Spenserian stanza（斯宾塞体）（斯宾塞体）: a verse form consisting of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth lin
23、e of 6 iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. Spensers Masterpiece:The Faerie QueenevTheme: “to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline” Spenser 12 virtues in 12 booksvStructure：1.each hero representing each virtue in each book2.Two unifying elements:vArthur: appe
24、aring in every book embodiment of 12 virtuesvthe Fairy QueenGlorianaMain Qualities of Spencers Poetry1.a perfect melody2.a rare sense of beauty3.a splendid imagination4.a lofty moral purity & seriousness5.a dedicated idealism6.strange forms of speech & obsolete words to increase the rustic effect2.
25、Francis BaconvThe first important English essayistvThe founder of modern science, whose writings paved the way for the use of scientific methodBacons Literary Works1.philosophical works: The Advancement of Learning(论学问的进步); Novum Organum (新工具)2.literary works: Essays (培根论说文集）3.professional works: Ma
26、xims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of UsesBaconian Scientific MethodvAristotelian method: the deductive method (演绎法) proceeding from the general to the specificvBaconian methods: the inductive method (归纳法归纳法) proceeding from the specific to the generalvImportance for this new method: the new
27、 empirical (以实验为依据的）attitudes towards truthEssaysvThree Editions: 159716121625 （10-38-58）vContent: peoples relationship with the world, themselves & GodvFeature: revelation of the mode of thought of the ruling class in his day & guidance for Elizabethan and Jacobean youth vStyle: 1.brevity, compactn
28、ess & powerfulness2.full of Biblical allusions, metaphor & cadenceElizabethan Dramavreal mainstream of the English RenaissancevReason for Dramas Full development:1.Preparation: Miracle Play, Morality Play, Interlude & Classical Drama2.Audience: Large Demand by Londoners & Tolerant Attitude Towards I
29、nnovations3.Increasing National Sense: English Native MaterialsChronicles4.Influence of Greek & Roman Classics: Important Rules in Structure & Style；Clear Conception About Comedy & Tragedy 5.Playwrights: University Wits 3. Christopher MarlowevLife Experience1.Marlowe was born in a shoemakers family
30、in 1564.2.With the help of scholarship, he went to Cambridge.3.In Cambridge, he wrote Tamburlaine, which was a great success in the stage.4.He came to London in 1584 and was greatly influenced by the thought of Renaissance5.Fascinated by the life in London, Marlowe became an actor and led a tempestu
31、ous life in the following six years.6. On May 30,1593 Marlowe was killed in a quarrel over a tavern bill. He was only 29 years old when he was dead.v Marlowe was regarded as the most gifted of the “University Wits”v His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatistWilliam Shake
32、speare.The University Wits （大学才子）vIt was a group of Elizabethan playwrights and pamphleteers who once studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge. Later they set up as professional writers, selling their learning and their wits to the London public of playgoers and to the public as well. vThe
33、 most important figures include Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Lodge. Marlowes Literary CareervMarlowe wrote six plays in his short life1.Tamburlaine (power)帖木帖木儿大帝儿大帝）2.Dr. Faustus ( knowledge)浮士德博士的悲剧浮士德博士的悲剧3.The Jew of Malta (money)马耳他的犹太人马耳他的犹太人vnon-dramati
34、c poetryThe Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致多情的牧羊人致情人情人TamburlainevA tragic play of an ambitious and pitiless Tartar conqueror in 14th century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king.vTheme（主题主题）：supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authorityvThe final f
35、all of Tamburlaine also expresses Marlowes consciousness of limitations of human beings.Tamburlaines Words“我用铁链把命运紧紧地抓牢，我用铁链把命运紧紧地抓牢，用我的手在指挥人生的变迁，用我的手在指挥人生的变迁，在太阳从天体中坠落之前，在太阳从天体中坠落之前，我帖木儿绝不会被征服或受伤害。我帖木儿绝不会被征服或受伤害。”“鞭笞控制那些奴隶们，鞭笞控制那些奴隶们，用你父亲的手引领你战车的方向。用你父亲的手引领你战车的方向。”Dr. FaustusvA play based on the Ge
36、rman legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragedy as a result of his bargain with the devilvTheme: humanistic idea1.Human passion for knowledge, power & happiness2.Mans frustration in realizing the high aspiration s in a hostile moral orderDr. Faustus PlotDr. Faustuss
37、confinement in his studyDr. Faustus Words我们那功能繁多的灵魂我们那功能繁多的灵魂能够理解地球的奇妙结构，能够理解地球的奇妙结构，丈量每一颗在太空中遨游的星球的轨迹；丈量每一颗在太空中遨游的星球的轨迹；它总在追求无限的知识它总在追求无限的知识就像永不宁静的天体一样在运动。就像永不宁静的天体一样在运动。灵魂激励着我们永不停止、奋勇向前，灵魂激励着我们永不停止、奋勇向前，直到我们获得最好的成果直到我们获得最好的成果Dr. Faustuss use of black magicMephistophilisSign a bond:Faustus soul=24y
38、ears service of MephistophilisDr. Faustus WordsI charge thee wait upon me whilst I leave To do whatever Faustus shall command,Be it be make the moon drop from her sphereOr the ocean to overwhelm the world我要你伺候我这一辈子，凡是命令你干的事你都得干，不管是要月亮从天空掉下，或是要海水淹没这世界Mephistophilis service to Dr. FaustusDr. Faustuss
39、Meeting with HelenDr Faustus Words这根可能长成巨树的枝条已中途断折，这根可能长成巨树的枝条已中途断折，那曾在这位饱学先生的腹中成长的那曾在这位饱学先生的腹中成长的阿波罗的桂枝也已被焚成灰烬。阿波罗的桂枝也已被焚成灰烬。The tragedy of Dr. Faustus is the typical features of humanist scholars in the Renaissance Period.Social Significance of Marlowes PlaysvPresentation of the Rising Bourgeoisie
40、: eager curiosity for knowledge, towering pride & insatiable appetite for powervExaltation of Human Power in Contrast with Medieval Confinements for Human DevelopmentvLimitation: Harmful IndividualismMarlowes Literary Achievement1.Perfection of blank verseprinciple medium of English drama(1)It is Ma
41、rlowe who brought vitality & grandeur into the blank verse with his “mighty lines”.(2)Marlowes methods of achieving this:employment of hyperbole（夸张） as his major figure of speech.Marlowes Literary Achievement2. Marlowes Creation of the Renaissance hero for English dramaFeatures of this kind of hero:(1) individualistic, ambitious & brave(2) immoral in traditional sense; hard efforts to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts.Thanks for your attention!