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1、大学英语三级语法大全大学英语三级语法大全名词性从句概述名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NounClauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因而根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词:that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词:when,where,how,why不可省略的连词:
2、1.介词后的连词2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。Whatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.比拟:whether与if均为能否的意思。但在下列情况下,whether不能被if取代:1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有ornotWhetherhewillcomeisnotclear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都能够置于句末,用it充当形式主语。Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.Itisstillunknownwhichte
3、amwillwinthematch.名词性wh-从句名词性wh-从句1由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:主语:Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.书销售怎样取决于作者本人。直接宾语:Inonesownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.在本人家里能够随心所欲。间接
4、宾语:Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语:MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语:Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语:Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语:Imnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语:Thatdependson
5、whereweshallgo.那取决于我们去哪儿。2Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.还没决定谁做这项工作。Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.他们何时结婚仍然不明。名词性that-从句名词性that-从句1由附属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:主语:Thatheisst
6、illaliveissheerluck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语:JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.约翰讲他星期三要到伦敦去。表语:Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语:Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语:Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2That-从
7、句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。Itsapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有下面四种不同的搭配关系:a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat有必要Itisimportantthat重要的是Itisobviousthat很明显b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat人们相信Itisknowntoa
8、llthat从所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat已决定c.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisasurprisethat令人惊奇的是Itisafactthat事实是d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat似乎Ithappensthat碰巧Itoccurredtomethat我忽然想起否认转移1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否认词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否认式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。IdontthinkIknowyou
9、.我想我并不认识你。Idontbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否认词不能转移。Ihopeyouwerentill.我想你没有生病吧。2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否认转移到前面。Itdoesntseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。Itdoesntappearthatwellhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。定语从句定语从句AttributiveClauses在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出如今先行词之
10、后,由关系词关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有:when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗?who/that在从句中作主语Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyester
11、day.他就是我昨天见的那个人。whom/that在从句中作宾语2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还能够同ofwhich互换),例如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮助。Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsintheco
12、untryside.农村出现了史无前例的繁荣。which/that在句中作宾语Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1when,where,why关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which构造,因而经常和介词+which构造交替使用,例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不
13、得不屈从的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffers?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2that代替关系副词that能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句,在白话中that常被省略,例如:Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/w
14、here/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前寓居过的地方。判定关系代词与关系副词判定关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必需要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.IllneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.判定改错错ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.对Thisisthemo
15、untainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.错IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.对Illneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联络在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二:准确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.t
16、heone例2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案:例1D,例2A例1变为肯定句:Thismuseumis_youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句:Thisisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只要theone既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,能够省略关系代词,所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因int
17、hemuseum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择根据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加讲明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:Thisisthehou
18、sewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。限制性Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。非限制性2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的教师。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。Thisnovel,
19、whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小讲很动人,我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没捉住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。讲明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。as,which非限定性定语从句as,which
20、非限定性定语从句由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.典型例题1Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案C.此为非限定性从句,不能用that修饰,而用which.,it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单
21、以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3Itrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思
22、,且在定语从句中都能够作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在此题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。As的用法例1.thesameas;suchas中的as是一种固定构造,和一样。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Asisknown,smokin
23、gisharmfultooneshealth.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。介词+关系词介词+关系词1介词后面的关系词不能省略。2that前不能有介词。3某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的介词+关系词构造能够同关系副词when和where互换。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhe
24、nyoujoinedourclub?先行词和关系词二合一先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever能够用anyonewho代替)2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what能够用allthat代替)what/whatever;that/what;who/whoeverwhat/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1what=thethingwhich;whatever=anythingWhatyouwan
25、thasbeensenthere.Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.2)who=thepersonthat;whoever=anyonewho错Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.对Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.错Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.对Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.3)that和what当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能
26、引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的详细成分,且不能省略。Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.Whatweneedismorepractice.特殊词精讲stopdoing/todostoptodo停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC
27、.torestD.rest答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因而,应选择stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stopdoingsth.不正确。forgetdoing/todoforgettodo忘记要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事。(已做)Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Dontforgetto
28、cometomorrow.别忘了明天来。(tocome动作未做)典型例题-Thelightintheofficeisstillon.-Oh,Iforgot_.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案:C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因而用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了,而本人忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。结果状语从句结果状语从句常由sothat或suchthat引导。sothat与suchthat之间能够转换。例如:让步状语从句1though,although引导的让步状语从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。例如: