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1、专题01 名词解读考点名词的定义名词名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。1. 专有名词:指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记注:专有名词的首字母通常要大
2、写。若是专名名词词组,则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词,则通常每个字母都大写;称呼家人的 mum, dad, father, mother 等有时也可小写。2. 普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说,它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如 audience(观众,听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work(工作),happiness(幸福)等。直击考点1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;2
3、.名词所有格的构成及用法;3.近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:bookbooks,girlgirls,boyboys,penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:busbuses,classclasses,boxboxes,watchwatches,brushbrushes。(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orangeoranges。(4)以辅音母
4、加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boyboys, daydays。(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:heroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoozoos,radioradios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如:photophotos,pianopianos。(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例
5、如:knifeknives,leafleaves, halfhalves。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:manmen,womanwomen,toothteeth,footfeet,childchildren,mousemice。【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:menwork
6、ers, women teachers。有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses
7、。(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:The United States, Niagara Falls其他名词:news, falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.来Is there any wate
8、r in the glass?I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:two cups of teafour piece
9、s of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是s,例如:a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 s,如:Childrens Day。3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s,例如:a twenty minutes walk,ten mil
10、es journey,a boats length,two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 s,则表示“分别有”,例如:Johns and Marys rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Toms and Marys bike
11、s(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Marys room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Marys mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。来源:Z.xx.k.Com2年中考2014年题组1【2014年福建省龙岩市中考】Chinas moon rover(月球车), Yutus in landing on the moon is a big event in space history.A. luck B. success C. result2【2014年湖南省长沙市中考】Is the schoolbag under the de
12、sk yours? No, its my_. He left it there just now. A. brother B. brothers C. brothers3【2014年辽宁省沈阳市中考】Iamjustgoingtothe_.Doyouwantanything? Yes,abagofrice. A.market B.classroom C.libraryD.park4【2014年内蒙古包头市、乌兰察布市中考】Youd better keep the medicine somewhere safe, out of the childrens . A. hand B. reach C.
13、 hold D. place5. 【2014年内蒙古呼和浩特市中考】When Peter comes, please ask him to leave a _.A. notice B. message C. sentence D. information 2015年题组1.【2015年安徽省初中毕业学业考试英语试题】How can I get some _ about the 2016 Olympic Games? -Why not search the Internet? A. information B. experience C. practice D. success2【贵州省安顺市2
14、015年中考英语试题】Here are some . Do you like ? A. oranges; them B. orange; it C. oranges; they D. oranges; their3. 【湖北省荆州市2015年中考英语试题】 More and more people come to visit Jingzhou Ancient City. Thats true. It has become the of Jingzhou. A. effort B. praise C. courage D.pride4. 【湖北省武汉市2015年中考英语试题】 Any speci
15、al _ in this shopping mall now?-Sure, we have the latest e-products on sale.A. offer B. price C. brand D. service5. 【2015年襄阳市初中毕业生学业水平考试英语试题】-Mum, I have a bad headache. I feel terrible. -Oh, dear! You must get a cold. Youd better see _ after breakfast. A. a violinist B. a doctor C. a policeman D. a
16、n engineer6. 【江西省2015年中等学校招生考试英语试题卷】There are lots of _that students have to follow in school.A. exercises B. problems C. skills D. rules7. 【山东省泰安市2015年中考英语试题】The Chinese saying “A tree cant make a forest” tell us that is very important in a football matchA. ability B. decision C. teamwork D. experi
17、ence 【天津市2015年中考英语试题】In 1998, Liu Xiangs _ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Jiangping. A. ability B. trade C.electricity D. memory考点归纳归纳 1:区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语.并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,还要熟记 dear, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 等单复数形式相同的名词,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式,如 manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, polic
18、emanpolicemen, mousemice, footfeet, toothteeth, stomachstomachs 等 归纳 2:名词所有格的构成及其用法名词的所有格一般在词尾加“s”,这种形式的所有格主要用于有生命的名词以及表示时间距离等名词的后面注意:如果名词本身以表示复数意义的s结尾,构成所有格时直接在词尾加上“”即可另外,注意“As and Bs”型名词短语所有格表示两者分别拥有某物,而“A and Bs”型名词短语所有格表示两者共同拥有某物归纳 4:名词作定语修饰主体名词,常用单数形式;主体名词为复数形式时,作定语用的名词一般用单数形式,如 boy friends但以 m
19、an, woman 等名词作定语修饰主体名词时,若主体名词为复数形式, man 和 woman 也要变为复数形式,如 men doctors由“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词”或“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词+ 连词符号 + 形容词”构成的复合词作定语修饰主体名词时,复合词中的名词只能用单数形式 易错易混1. in a word, in wordsin a word总之,一句话, in words口头上 In a word, you are right.2. in place of, in the place ofin place of代替,in the place of在地方 A new
20、building is built in the place of the old one.3. in secret, in the secretin secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情,知道秘密,一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.4. a girl, one girla girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?5. take a chair, take the chairtake a cha
21、ir相当于sit down坐下,take the chair开始开会6. go to sea, by sea, by the seago to sea当海员,出航,by sea乘船,由海路, by the sea在海边 go by sea7. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacherthe doctor and teacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,the doctor and the teacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is8. in office, in the office
22、in office在职的,in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.9. in bed, on the bed来源:Z.xx.k.Comin bed卧在床上,on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.10. in charge of, in the charge ofin charge of管理,负责照料, in the charge of由照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge
23、 of her.11. in class, in the classin class在课上,in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.12. on fire, on the fireon fire*,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.13. out of question, out of the questionout of question毫无疑问的,out of the question不可能的14. a second, the seco
24、nda second又一,再一,the second第 He won the second prize.15. by day, by the dayby day白天,by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.16. the people, a peoplethe people指人,a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.例1:【黑龙江省龙东地区2015年中考英语试题】 Could you give me some _ ? I tried several times but failed
25、.A. notice B. suggestion C. advice【答案】C【解析】试题分析:句意:你能给我一些建议吗?我试了几次,但是都失败了。A. notice 通知,可数名词单数;B. suggestion建议,可数名词单数;C. advice建议,不可数名词。some修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。结合句意,排除A;根据some的用法排除B,故选C。【考点定位】考查不可数名词。【错因】学生如果不了解名词advice和suggestion的用法,它们的区别不在于意思的区别,而是两者的可数与不可数之分,学生容易产生混淆而选错答案。例2:【黑龙江省龙东地区2015年中考英语试题】Whose
26、room is this? Is it the_? Yes, it is _.A. twins; Tom and Tims B. twins; Toms and Tims C. twins; Tom and Tim 【答案】A【解析】试题分析:句意:-这是谁的房间?它是那对双胞胎的吗?-是的,它是。汤姆和蒂姆的。在名词所有格中,若表示两个人各自所有的两个东西,则应在两个名词后面分别加上“s”, 而且后面要接复数名词;若表示两个人共同拥有的一个东西,则只能在后面那个名词后面加上“s”, 而且后面要接单数名词。根据指一间房间,故选A。【考点定位】考查名词所有格的用法。【错因】学生如果不了解所有格的
27、用法,两者共有的在后者加“s”,因为前面用的是代词it,可以判断这里是一个房间。应该是共用一个房间。第二空容易选错。解题技能1. 随着新课改对英语功能性、交际性的重视以及对词汇量要求的逐年增加,考试中对名词的考查已经淡化了它的语法功能,更加注重实际应用和情景交际。预计对名词词义辨析以及在语境中的运用将成为2015年中考考查的重点2.在近几年的中考试题中,重点考查名词所有格,特别是复数形式和两人共有的所有格形式,以及名词作定语的用法。1年模拟1.(江苏省江阴市华士片2014届九年级下学期模拟考试英语试卷)The customers are pleased with the _ of the re
28、staurant.A. balance B. experience C. surface D. service2.(福建省福州市第十九中学2014届中考模拟英语试题)You should do more .Dont always sit at the desk doing your . A. exercise, exercises B. exercises, exercise C. exercises, exercises 3.(广东墨江中学20142015学年英语第三次模考试题)Im very thirsty now Would you like some _? Atea Bfish Cno
29、odles Dpotatoes4.(福建省福州市第十八中学2015届中考模拟英语试题)What are the two _ doing? They are taking care of several _. A. German; sheeps B. Germen; sheep C. Germans; sheep5.完形填空(广东省东莞市寮步信义学校2015届九年级二模考试英语试题)The world 46 many interesting sounds. Some are unpleasant to our ears while 47 are very pleasant to hear. In
30、 a single day you probably hear 48 sounds. All sounds are different. Some 49 loud, some sounds are high, others are low, some sounds are useful. 50 sound we cant talk or listen to each other. The ringing of the alarm clock wakes people up. The hooting(鸣笛声) of a car warns people of danger.Some sounds
31、 are harmful. When planes fly low on the land, the very loud sounds can damage the house. Very loud sound can even make people 51 .We know sound travels about one kilometer in three 52 . In a thunder storm you see the lighting first and then hear the thunder. This is because light travels 53 than so
32、und.Next time you see lighting, count the number of seconds before you hear 54 . Divide this number by three. This will tell you 55 kilometers away the thunder storm is.46. A. full of B. fill with C. is filled of D. is filled with47. A. others B. the other C. another D. the others48. A. hundreds ofB
33、. few C. much D. one hundred of49. A. may B. maybe C. may be D. can50. A. Of B. With C. Without D. By51. A. happy B. blind C. deaf D. off52. A. hours B. days C. minutes D. seconds53. A. more B. faster C. quickly D. enough54. A. the thunder B. the noise C. the sound D. the next55. A how much B. how many C. how far D. how long