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1、 存在句存在句的定义存在句的定义存在句又叫做“There be句型”，是一种表示“存在”的句式。 它的常见结构是“There + be + 主语 + 地点状语（或时间状语）”。 存在句的“there”要弱读。存在句的句型转换存在句的句型转换一. 肯定陈述句： 桌子上有一本字典。 There is a dictionary on the desk. 二. 否定陈述句 There isnt a dictionary on the desk. 三. 一般疑问句 Is there a dictionary on the desk? 四. 特殊疑问句 How many dictionaries are
2、there on the desk? 桌子上有几本字典？ Whats there on the desk? 桌子上有什么？ 五. 反意疑问句 There is a dictionary on the desk, isnt there? 桌子上有一本字典，是吗？存在句的谓语动词存在句的谓语动词是动词be 的某种形式，可以说是限定形式，也可以是非限定形式。1.存在句的限定形式1.“There be”句型可以和助动词连用。 There have been many accidents in the past few weeks. 过去几个星期里发生了几个事故。 There will be a lar
3、ge audience at the performance. 将有许多观众来观看演出。There may be some people who don t like him. 可能有些人不喜欢他。 I felt that there must be something wrong. 我觉得好像有什么错了。 There used to be a cinema here before war. 战前这儿有一家电影院。2.“There be”句型可以和happen to/ appear to/ seem to/ be going to/ be sure to /be certain to/ be
4、likely to等半助动词连用。 There happened to be a friend of mine in the hotel. 旅馆里碰巧有我的一个朋友。 There is going to be a storm this afternoon. 今天下午将有一场暴雨。 There appeared to be no doubt about it. 看来这件事没有疑问了。 There is sure to be rain tonight. 今晚一定会下雨。“There be”句型可以和某些类似“存在”的动词连用，如live/ exist/ stand/ lie/remain等。 Th
5、ere lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle. 在希腊曾经有一个伟大的思想家，名叫亚里斯多德。 湖边有一座高楼。There stands a huge building by the lake仅剩28英镑。 There remained just twenty-eight pounds. 2.存在句的非限定形式:there to be和there being1.For there to be/there being so few people in the streets was unusual。2.Members like there
6、 to be/there being plenty of choice3.John asked about there being/there to be another meeting.4.There is now some hope of there being /there to be a settlement of the dispute.5.There being/to be a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage。6.There having been/to be no rain ，the ground was dry。F
7、or +there to be宾语除了for 外的介词+there beingThere being做主语状语Summary:there to be1.作介词补足成分 两种结构都可作介词补足成分。如果介词是for，便只能用there to be结构。例如：2.作宾语3.There to be 能否做主语？It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the classThere being1.作除介词for外的介词的宾语2
8、.作主语和状语There being结构还能用作主语和状语。There being 能否做宾语？I appreciate there being a place like this for women of all shapes, sizes, and sexual orientations I am always ready to admit there being flaws in my arguments 存在句的限定形式与非限定形式之间可以相互转换 It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets。 It was u
9、nusual that there were so few people in the streets。有时限定形式与非限定形式还可以结合使用。It is said that there are troops on the frontier。 There are said to be troops on the frontier。存在句的数存在句的数 在“There be”句型中，只要紧靠“There be”的第一项不是复数，其谓语动词便可用单数形式。 一. 单数 There is a book and a pen on the desk. There was a dictionary, so
10、me pictures books and some magazines on the desk. 二. 复数 There are two books on the desk. 存在句存在句主语主语的限定词的限定词在“There be”句型中，主语的限定词通常是泛指限定词（如：a, no, some, any）， 很少使用特指限定词（如：the, this, that, these, those）。 从前在森林里有一只老虎。Once there was an old tiger in the forest.岛上有一些动物。There are some animals on the island
11、. 。 将会出版几本新书。 There will be several new books published. 屋子里有好几个人。There were quite a few people in the room. 对比：there are most students in the classroom. there is the book I am looking forward to. there will be those new books published.基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词组者，一般都可以用there-存在句予以转换。例如：SV句型： No one was wait
12、ing。 There was no one waiting。SVC句型：Something must be wrong。 There must be something wrong。SVO句型：Plenty of people are getting promotion。 There are plenty of people getting promotion。SVoO句型： Something is causing her distress。 There is something causing her distress。SVOC句型： Two bulldozers have been kn
13、ocking the place flat。 There have been two bulldozers knocking the place flat A great number of people are swimming there. 容易和存在句混淆的句子容易和存在句混淆的句子请分辨以下句子： There is a car by the roadside. 路边有一辆车。（存在句，其中there要弱读） There is our car. 我们的车就在那儿。（不是存在句，其中there要重读） There be 结构汉译的几种常见方法1。There are many lovely
14、birds in the woods , singing and jumping.树林里有许多可爱的小鸟在欢呼雀跃。2。 There came a stretch of beautiful daffodils.迎面一片美丽的水仙花。3。There are three ways of heat transfer, conduction, radiation and convection.传热有三种方法：传导、辐射、对流。4. There is no opportunity for the man without preparation of success. 无准备的人永远没有成功的机会。5.t
15、here must be very few cities that are not damaged by the earthquake.很少有城市没有受到地震的破坏。6.there is a mountain of work to do.有成堆的事情要做。7.There were found various relics in the ancient tomb.这座古墓中发现了各种文物。There has not been a successful man but was a man of industry.没有那个成功人士不是勤奋的。IT1.人称代词，用于指示前面出现的事物That vase
16、 is valuable. Its more than 200 years old.I love swimming , it keeps me fit.The committee has met and it has rejected this proposal.What is this? -it is a pen.2.指示代词IT,常指人Who is making such a noise?- it must be children3. it is seven oclock. it is five miles to that mountain. it is awful, it got muc
17、h work to do , but I do not know where to start. How is it going with you? It is very cold outside.4.catch it . Walk it. Make it. Take it out of sb.受罚。步行。办成。拿某人出气。先行ItIt 做形式主语1，it 代替连词 that 引导的从句作形式主语。1) it + be + 过去分词 + that 从句Its said that Tom has come back from abroad . 据说汤姆已经从国外回来了。It was report
18、ed that dozens of children died in the accident . 据报导，数十名儿童在事故中死亡。可用于该句型的过去分词还有：known , thought , told , believed , hoped , announced ,expected , decided , suggested等该句型常可以转换成含有宾语从句的复合句或者含有不定式作主补的简单句。如： Its said that Tom has come back from abroad . People say that Tom has come back from abroad . Tom
19、 is said to have come back from abroad .2) It + be + 名词词组 + that 从句真遗憾，就他的年龄来讲，他竟不会游泳。Its a pity that he cant swim for his age .真奇怪，你竟能在如此短的时间内完成艰巨的任务Its a wonder that you could finish such a hard task in such a short time . 可用于该句型的名词词组还有：an honor , a good thing , a fact , a surprise , good news等。3)
20、 It + be /seem + 形容词 + that 从句今晚很可能他们会赢我们。It is likely that they will beat us tonight .。可用于此句型的形容词还有；wonderful , true , good , right , wrong , (un)important ,useless , surprising , clear , possible , unusual , lucky , certain 等。4) It + seem / appear / happen + that 从句It seems that he enjoys pop song
21、s very much .看来他非常喜欢流行歌曲。看来汤姆会改变主意。It appears that Tom might change his mind .碰巧我那天外出了。It happened that I went out that day .注意，句型4可转换成含不定式的简单句。如上述句子可转换为：He seems to enjoy pop music very much . / Tom appears to change his mind ./ I happened to go out that day.2. it 代替连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作形式主语。1) It is kno
22、wn (not decided , not made clear , found out , discussed , being discussed , being considered , a question , uncertain等) + 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。如：It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet . 我们将什么时候举行运动会还是一个问题。It is uncertain whether he can attend this conference or not . 他能否来开会还不能确定。2) It
23、doesnt matter (doesnt matter too much , doesnt make too much difference等) + 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。如：It doesnt matter whether we go together or separately . 我们一起去还是分开去都可以。It doesnt matter too much to me what you do or where you go . 你做什么或去什么地方，对我都无关紧要It 代替不定式, ing 分词结构作形式主语It is getting harder every day for
24、 a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。It 做形式宾语I found it difficult to explain to him what happened 我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。It is was 强调部分that从句。 这一句型可以强调除谓语以外的任何成分。如： 强调句型 I
25、saw her in the post office when I was walking by（强调主语） It is I that who saw her in the post office when I was walking by（强调宾语）It is her that who I saw in the post office when I was walking by（强调地点状语） It is in the post office that I saw her when I was walking by（强调时间状语从句） It is when I was walking by
26、that I saw her in the post office注意：在这一句型中，如果被强调部分是人，可用that，也可用who连接，其余的全用 that。1 分裂句引导词it与先行it的区别： 比较：It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it）It is Mary that has won the first place. 是玛丽获得了第一名。（分裂句引导词it） 2 虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别。 比较：It was three oclock in the mo
27、rning when his father came back.（虚义it指时间） 他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。It was at three oclock in the morning that his father came back. （分裂句引导词it） 他父亲是在凌晨3点回来的。 3 分裂句中that/who- 从句与that/who引导的定语从句之区别。 比较： It is money that is most needed. （分裂句中的that-从句） 最需要的是钱。This is the money that is most needed.（that引导定语从句） 这就是最需要的
28、钱。It is Mary who has broken the glass. （分裂句中的who-从句） 是玛丽打破了玻璃杯。Mary is the girl who has won the first place.（who引导定语从句） 玛丽是获得第一名的姑娘。 区别方法：如将句型It is/was that结构去掉，而句子能还原成普通陈述句，则该句是分裂句，否则不是。拟似分裂句指强调谓语动词部分的一种强调句型I gave her a book. What I did was (to) give her a look. 我所做的是给她一本书。64）He took a plane to Bei
29、jing. What he did was (to) take a plane to Beijing. 65）The student is going to write an article. What the student is going to do is (to) write an article.拟似”分裂句的主语通常是由what引导的名词性从句，从句的主动词通常是do的一定形式；这种分裂句的主语补语通常是不定式结构，可带to，也可不带to，它构成“拟似”分裂句的信息中心。拟似”分裂句还可采取另外一种形式，即“what-从句+be+名词词组”的形式，如：He gave her a h
30、andbag. 他所给她的是个提包。What he gave her was a handbag 也可采取“名词词组+be+what-从句”形式提包就是他所给她的。A handbag was what he gave her.Exercises:1. It is not who is right but what is right _ is of importance. A. which B. it C. that D. this2. It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in comm
31、on. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasnt until; when D. wasnt until; that3. I dont mind her criticizing me, but _ is how she does it that I object to. A. it B. that C. this D. which4. -Where did you get to know her? -It was on the farm _ you worked. A. that B. there C. which D. where5. - _ that he managed to get the information? -Oh, a friend of his helped him. A. Where was it B. What was it C. How was it D. Why was itKeys: 1.C; 2.D; 3.A; 4.A; 5.c