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1、2015考研英语一真题及答案完整版Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis 1 astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityinthe
2、ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has 2 .Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted 3 1932uniquesubjectswhich 4 pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth 5 .While1%mayseem 6 ,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,pr
3、ofessorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,Mostpeopledonoteven 7 theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho 8 ourkin.Thestudy 9 foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficultto
4、explain,fornow.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore 11 it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat 12 usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends 13 thanfunctionalkinshipofbeingfriendswith 14 !Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthes
5、tudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving 15 thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp 16 whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor 17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeoples 18 tobefriendthoseofsimilar19 backgrounds,s
6、aytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento 20 thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.SectionIIReadingComprehension?1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples
7、6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seePartA?Directions:?Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)?TEXT1KingJuanCarlo
8、sofSpainonceinsistedkingsdontabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,wit
9、htheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabovemerepolitiesandembodyaspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplains
10、monarchyscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfo
11、ranon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisingine
12、qualityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,these
13、arewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysrep
14、utationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesough
15、ttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain Aeasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals. Busedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport. CwasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals. Dendedhisreigninembarrassment.22.Monarchsarekeptashe
16、adofstateinEuropemostly Atogivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto. Btoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality. Cowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus. Dduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4? ATheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.
17、BAristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth. CThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies. DThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyalshavemosttofearbecauseCharles Atakesatoughlineonpoliticalissues. Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised. Ctakesrepublicansashispotentialallies. Dfailst
18、oadapthimselftohisfuturerole.25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext? ACarlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined BCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone CCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats DCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs第21-25题答案21.Dendedhisreigninembarrassment.22.Cowingtotheundoubtedandrespectabl
19、estatus23.Atheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracy24.Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised.25.DCarlos,alessonforallMonarchiesTEXT2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundaperson
20、duringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.Thecourtwouldbe
21、recklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformatio
22、nissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistory
23、andcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputing.meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparesth
24、eexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26.TheSupremecourt,will
25、workoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto Asearchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant. Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized. Cpreventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents. Dprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneof Atoleranc
26、e. Bindifference. Cdisapproval. Dcautiousness.28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscomparableto Agettingintoonesresidence. Bhandingoneshistoricalrecords. Cscanningonescorrespondences. Dgoingthroughoneswallet.29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat Aprinciplesarehardtobeclearly
27、expressed. Bthecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction. Cphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation. Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat (A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly. (B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution. (C)California
28、sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution. (D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.第26-30题答案26.Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.27.Cdisapproval28.Agettingintoonesresidence29.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.Bnewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitu
29、tionText3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinou
30、rjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican StatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindextern
31、alstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.Giova
32、nniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardtoplayprimarilyonadvisoryrole.HeagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublications
33、inScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyisamostwelcomestepforwardandlongoverdue,Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish
34、.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtokn
35、owhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.VauxsaysthatScienc
36、esideatopasssomepaperstostatisticianshassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat AScienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess. Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks. Cfewjournals
37、areblamedformistakesindataanalysis. Dlackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32.Thephraseflaggedup(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto Afound. Brevised. Cmarked Dstored33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay Aposeathreattoallitspeers Bmeetwithstrongopposition CincreaseSciences
38、circulation. Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA.addstoresearchersworklosd.B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB.P
39、rofessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience第31-35题答案31.Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks32.Bmarked33.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34.Chasroomforfurtherimprovement35.AsciencejoinsPushtoscreenstatisticsinpaper
40、sText4Twoyearsago.RupertMurdochsdaughter,spokeattheunsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinuedItsincreasinglyabsenceofp
41、urpose，ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,couldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldforehadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyonee
42、x-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewidedearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhired
43、bytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninher
44、newsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneratio
45、n,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandacc
46、ountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions
47、-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby (A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism. (B)companiesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpractices (C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues. (D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.37.Itcanbeinferredfro
48、mParagraph3that (A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime. (B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking. (C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge. (D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrookssdefence (A)revealedacunningpersonality. (B)centeredontrivialissues. (C)washardlyconvincing. (D)waspartofaconspiracy.39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrin