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1、2021年考研英语一阅读理解考试真题答案（真题+答案）SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualr
2、itual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyears,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successiv
3、egovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equallythereisasensethatth
4、etravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrain
5、operatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshoul
6、dreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritainsrailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisne
7、eded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpasse
8、ngersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthisyearsincreaseinrailpassengersfares_.【选项】A.willeasetrainoperationsburden.B.haskeptpacewithinflation.C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.【答案】D 22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor_.【选项】A.cardriversB.railtravel
9、lersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers【答案】B 23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators_.【选项】A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.【答案】C 24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassen
10、gers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_.【选项】A.thelossofinvestment.B.thecollapseofoperations.C.areductionofrevenueD.achangeofownership.【答案】D 25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?【选项】A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?B.ConstantComplainingDoesntWorkC.CanNationalizationBringHope?D.Ever-risingF
11、aresArentSustainable【答案】D LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesiasbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountrysantipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletok
12、eepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.Theyrealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblem
13、samongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdontgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Thatsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheen
14、vironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdontprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosa
15、ys.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesiaspoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008
16、to2012-includingduringIndonesiasphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,weseethattheprogramisassociated
17、witha30percentreductionindeforestation,Ferrarosays.Thatslikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupple
18、menttheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybodysguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhatsgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramco
19、sts.26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_.【选项】A.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocaleducationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.【答案】B 27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_.【选项】A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodfo
20、rthepoor.B.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.【答案】D 28.【题干】InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout_.【选项】A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyal
21、leviation.C.therelationofcctstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.【答案】C 29.【题干】AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat_.【选项】A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproduction.【答案】C&
22、nbsp;30.【题干】Whatisthetextcenteredon?【选项】A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.【答案】AAsahistorianwhosalwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,IvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssm
23、iling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).Ivefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquitestir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-so
24、yearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,IneedtoconcedethatmycollectionofSmilingVictoriansmakesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,ors
25、taringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedposition
26、oradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytodaysdigitalstandards,thee
27、xposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothef
28、actthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regularpearlywhitesraresightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunk
29、s,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrollsgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolish
30、smilefixedforever.31.【题干】AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthorspostsonTwitter._【选项】A.changedpeoplesimpressionoftheVictorians.B.highlightedsocialmediasroleinVictorianstudies.C.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.【答案】A 32.【题干】Whatdoesauthorsaya
31、bouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?_【选项】A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.【答案】B 33.【题干】WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?_【选项】A.Theirin
32、herentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.【答案】D 34.【题干】MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas_.【选项】A.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.C.acontroversialview.D.athought-provokingidea.【答案】A&nbs
33、p;35.【题干】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?_【选项】A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstartviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?【答案】A Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advoc
34、atesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.Thatswhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomand
35、innovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingbadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.Atissuebefore
36、theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission
37、sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldntregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeATTfavoringitsownvideo-streamingse
38、rviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegu
39、latorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthattheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCCsattempttoblockallstaterule
40、sonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommissionspowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCCsabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forattheFCCcryoutforC
41、ongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.【题干】Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould_.【选项】A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetr
42、afficontheirnetwork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.【答案】C 37.【题干】Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFcc_.【选项】A.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene.【答案】B 38.【
43、题干】WhatcanbelearnedaboutATTfromParagraph3?【选项】A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCCsinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.【答案】B 39.【题干】JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourtsdecision_.【选项】A.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysana
44、mbiguousmessage.C.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.D.isoutoftouchwithreality.【答案】D 40.【题干】Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?【选项】A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandprovidersrightssh
45、ouldbeprotected.【答案】ASectionIIReadingComprehensionPartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERS
46、HEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdontinvolvedoom-and-mas
47、sunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,act
48、uallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:Howth