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1、How to understand the following definitions(定义定义)? 定语从句定语从句 先行词先行词 关系词关系词The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。词的从句。1. 连接连接作用作用,引导定语从句引导定语从句2.在从句中在从句中充当充当句子成分句子成分后面后面The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.定语从句位置：放置于名词或代词的定语从句位置：放置于名词或代词
2、的_ 。3. 指代先行词指代先行词1.定语从句：定语从句： 在复合句中修饰在复合句中修饰_或或_的从的从句叫定语从句。一般放在被修饰的词之句叫定语从句。一般放在被修饰的词之_。 2.先行词：先行词：被修饰的被修饰的_或或_叫先行词。叫先行词。3.关系词：关系词：引导从句的词。引导从句的词。_主句和从句，在主句和从句，在从句中从句中_某种句子成分，指代先行词。某种句子成分，指代先行词。名词名词名词名词代词代词代词代词后后 连接连接充当充当Please point out the Attributive Clause in the following sentences.哪些词是定语从句的关系词？
3、哪些词是定语从句的关系词？1. He is the boy whom/that I want to see.2. The girl who/that is standing there is Mary.3. There is nothing that worries him.4. This is the school where I work.5. I have a friend whose name is Liza.6. This is the English book which I lost yesterday. 7. Thats the reason why she was late.
4、8. I wont forget the day when we first met.thatwhowhosewhere引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词why关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词whenwhomaswhich 1. that 在从句中作在从句中作_、_或或_， 指指_。 1) A plane is a machine that can fly. 2) The noodles that I cooked were delicious. 3) He is no longer the star that he was. (主语主语)(宾语宾语)(表语表语)Discovering
5、rules主语主语宾语宾语人或物人或物表语表语2. which 在从句中作在从句中作_或或_，指，指_。1) They planted the trees which didnt need much water. 2) The fish which we bought were not fresh. Discovering rules主语主语宾语宾语物物(主语主语)(宾语宾语)3. 在定语从句中，在定语从句中，who作作_，whom作作_ , 两者都指两者都指_。1) The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.
6、2) The person whom you just talked to is Mr. Li. 主语主语宾语宾语人人Discovering rules(主语主语)(宾语宾语)4. whose 在从句中作在从句中作_，指，指_。1) Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week. 2） The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. Discovering rules定语定语人或物人或物( the teachers house)( the classr
7、ooms door)whose指物时，常用指物时，常用 “the + 名词名词 + of which”结构来代替结构来代替,例如：例如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.由由 when, where, why 引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。1. when(=介词介词+which )指时间，在定语从句中作时指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语间状语I still remember the day
8、 when I first came to the school.2. where( =介词介词+which)指地点，在定语从句中作地指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.3. why= for which指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 关系词关系词 先行词先行词在从句中充当在从句中充当的成分的成分 关关 系系 代代 词词 whowhom which thatwhose人人 人人 物物
9、人或物人或物人或物人或物主主宾宾主主, 宾宾,主主, 宾宾, 表表定定Summary 关系词关系词 先行词先行词在从句中充当在从句中充当的成分的成分 关关 系系 副副 词词 why where whenreason 表表地点名词地点名词表时间名词表时间名词原因状语原因状语地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语Summary如何选择关系词如何选择关系词?1. 看先行词是人还是物看先行词是人还是物2. 看从句中缺少什么成分看从句中缺少什么成分如果缺少如果缺少主、宾、表、定语主、宾、表、定语, 就用就用关系代词关系代词,如果缺少如果缺少状语状语, 就用就用关系副词关系副词。1. The man _came
10、 to our school is Mr. Wang. 2. The girl _ I met is Lucy. 3. The child _parents are dead is called Tom. 4. I like the book _ you bought yesterday. 5. I have a room _window faces south.6. Our school is no longer the school _ it used to be. who / that(whom / that)whose(which / that)whosethatPractice7）
11、I never forgot the days _ we spent together.8） Ill never forgot the day _ I joined the PLA.which/that when 先行词是表示时间的名词，定语从句缺主语先行词是表示时间的名词，定语从句缺主语或宾语，关系词用或宾语，关系词用which/that。 先行词是表示时间的名词，定语从句不先行词是表示时间的名词，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，而是缺时间状语，关系词缺主语或宾语，而是缺时间状语，关系词用用when。9） This is the house _ I lived in ten years ago.10
12、） The shop _bought the book isnt far away.which/that 先行词是表示地点的名词，定语从句缺主先行词是表示地点的名词，定语从句缺主语或宾语，关系词用语或宾语，关系词用which/that。 wherev 先行词是表示地点的名词，定语从先行词是表示地点的名词，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，而是缺地点状语，句不缺主语或宾语，而是缺地点状语，就用关系副词就用关系副词where11）The reason _ he gave was not enough. which/ thatv 先行词是先行词是reason，定语从句缺主语，定语从句缺主语或宾语，就用关系代词
13、或宾语，就用关系代词which/ that 。12)The reason _ he died young was his inattention to (不注意）不注意）health.why 先行词是先行词是reason，定语从句不缺主语，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，而是缺原因状语，就用关系副或宾语，而是缺原因状语，就用关系副词词why.14. She will never forget the day _ she lost the ring. 13. I will never forget the day _ we spent in Beijing.when /on which(which/th
14、at)16. His father works in a factory _ makes radio parts.15. His father works in a factory _ radio parts are made. which/thatwhere / in which17. This is the house _ they visited last time.18. This is the house _ we lived before.19. This is the house _ we lived in before.which/that where /in whichwhi
15、ch21. This is the reason _ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work. 20. Please tell me the reason _ you are sleepy in class again.which / thatwhy/ for which 在下面几种情况下必须在下面几种情况下必须用用“that”引导定语从句：引导定语从句：1) 先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词: all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。等。 Al
16、l that we have to do is to practice every Day. 我们要做的就是每天练习。我们要做的就是每天练习。注意！注意！2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。修饰。 The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. 我所学的第一课永远也忘不了。我所学的第一课永远也忘不了。Bear them in your mind!3) 先行词被先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰。等修饰。 I have re
17、ad all the books (that) you gave me. 你给我的书我全读完了。你给我的书我全读完了。4) 先行词被先行词被 the only, the very, the last修修饰时。饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk to. 他是唯一的我想跟说话的人。他是唯一的我想跟说话的人。5) 先行词既有人又有物时。先行词既有人又有物时。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校他们谈论着他们能记
18、起的那些在学校的人和事。的人和事。6）当先行词是）当先行词是who或以或以who, which开头的特殊疑开头的特殊疑问，为了避免重复时。如：问，为了避免重复时。如： a) Who that break the window should be punished 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚 b) Who is the man that is standing there? c) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?7) 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 She is not the young and
19、lovely nurse that she was two years ago. This is no longer the dirty place that it used to be.宜用宜用 who 引导的情况引导的情况1. 当先行词是指当先行词是指人人的的those, anyone, he, one, ones 时。时。1. Those _ break the law will be punished.2. Anyone _ wants to join the army signs your name here, please.3. He _ doesnt reach the Grea
20、t Wall is not a true man.whowhowho2. there be 开头的句子，先行词是人开头的句子，先行词是人。 There is a student who wants to see you. 只用只用which不用不用that的情况的情况 1) 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词是物时。在非限定性定语从句中，先行词是物时。 The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. 2) 当关系代词前使用介词，先行词是物时。当关系代词前使用介词，先行词是物时。 We depend on the land
21、 from which we get our food. 3) 先行词为先行词为that, those指物时或先行词被指物时或先行词被that, those修饰时。修饰时。如：如： Those which are on the desk are English books.4) 一个句子中有两个定语从句，（先行词是物）一个句子中有两个定语从句，（先行词是物）其中一个用了关系代词其中一个用了关系代词that,另外一个则用另外一个则用which. 如：如： At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the t
22、ime on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.I dont like the way _ you talk to me.当先行词是当先行词是way，表示，表示“以以方式方式”，在从句中充，在从句中充当当状语状语时，可以用时，可以用that或或in which来引导或来引导或省略省略关系关系词。词。但但way后接一个定后接一个定语从句，语从句，way在从句中作主语在从句中作主语时，关系代词用时，关系代词用that/ which.特殊情况：特殊情况：(that / in which)We firs
23、t broke the law in a way _ was peaceful.which/that Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. 有些诗讲述一个故事有些诗讲述一个故事, 或者描述某件事情或者描述某件事情, 这样给读者留下强烈的印象。这样给读者留下强烈的印象。 We should help the poor student in a way that wont hurt his self-respect. 我们应该以一种不
24、伤害到这个贫困生的自我们应该以一种不伤害到这个贫困生的自尊的方式来帮助他。尊的方式来帮助他。This is the room in which we lived last year.The person to whom I spoke just now ismy brother.“介词介词 + 关系代词关系代词”引导的定语从引导的定语从句句当当关系代词关系代词which, whom 作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，介词可以放在关系代词介词可以放在关系代词which, whom的的前面。前面。 1.The person whom I spoke to just now is my brother.2
25、.This is the room which we lived in last year.注意：注意：固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前。固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前。常见的这类动词短语有常见的这类动词短语有:look for 寻找寻找 look after / take care of 照顾照顾 care for 照顾照顾; 喜欢喜欢 look forward to 盼望盼望 hear of / about 听说听说 hear from 收到某人的来信收到某人的来信depend on 依赖依赖; 取决于取决于 e.g. This is the right place (whi
26、ch/that) Im looking for.e.g. The girl whom he is looking after is his sister. 关系副词引导的从句可以由关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的从句替换。引导的从句替换。1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,2) From the year when/ in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew
27、 up.3) Great changes have taken place in the city where/ in which I was born. 思考：介词思考：介词+which/whom中的介词是从哪来中的介词是从哪来的，根据什么判断要用这个介词的？的，根据什么判断要用这个介词的？ 介词来源于变成定语从句前的简单句，根据介词来源于变成定语从句前的简单句，根据定语从句的定语从句的谓语动词与介词搭配、先行词与谓语动词与介词搭配、先行词与介词搭配介词搭配以及以及根据从句的句意根据从句的句意来选用合适的来选用合适的介词。介词。如何选择介词？如何选择介词？1)根据定语根据定语从句中谓语动词从
28、句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定的习惯搭配来决定Do you like the book _ which she spent $10? Do you like the book _ which she paid $10?Do you like the book _ which she learned a lot? Do you like the book _ which she often talks? 2)根据根据先行词先行词的习惯搭配来决定的习惯搭配来决定Ill never forget the day _ which he made the speech.The moment _ which
29、 I made the decision is exciting.3)根据定语从句所表达的根据定语从句所表达的意义意义来确定来确定Air, _ which man cant live, is really important.onforfromaboutonatwithout1. This is the room _ we lived last year.2. Whos the comrade _ you just shook hands?3. The person _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.4. The p
30、encil _ he was writing broke.5. Wu Dong, _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. in which with whom to/ with whom with which with whom6. The two things _ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.7. Her bag, _ she put all her books, has not been found. of which into
31、 whichas也可作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，也可作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，又可以和主句中的又可以和主句中的the same或或 such, as, so相呼应构成相呼应构成 the same as/ such as/ as as/ soas。 1) We do the same work as they do.2) He is not the same man as he was .3) I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.4) We will give you such information as will h
32、elp you in your work.as 也可引导一个非限制性定语从句也可引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰整个修饰整个句子，可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，常句子，可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，常作作“正如正如”解，在从句中常常作主语、宾语。解，在从句中常常作主语、宾语。如：如：1）We jumped for joy at the news, as was natural. 2）China is a developing country, as is known to all.3) Energy can never be created nor destroyed, as has been
33、said before. 这是常有的事这是常有的事as 作主语作主语as 作主语作主语as 作主语作主语4) As is often the case , we have worked out the production plan.5）As we know, smoking is harmful to our health.6）As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.as 作主语作主语as 作宾语作宾语as 作主语作主语 当先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分时当先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分时, 这类非限制性定语从句只能由这类非限制性定语从句
34、只能由which或或 as来来引导。两者的区别在于：引导。两者的区别在于：1. which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后引导的定语从句只能位于主句后, 而而as引导的定语从句可位于主句前、中、后。引导的定语从句可位于主句前、中、后。As is known to us all, the earth moves round the sun. 众所周知众所周知, 地球是围绕太阳运动的地球是围绕太阳运动的.Li Ming was late, which made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了李明迟到了, 这使张先生非常生气。这使张先生非常生气。2. 在定语从句中作主语时在定语从
35、句中作主语时, 若用若用as, 其谓其谓语部分一般有语部分一般有be; 若谓语是不含若谓语是不含be的行的行为动词时为动词时, 要用要用which。Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了李明迟到了, 这是经常发生的。这是经常发生的。(可用可用which)Li Ming was late, which(=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了李明迟到了, 这使张先生这使张先生非常生气。非常生气。(不可用不可用as)He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了
36、他和她结婚了, 这是出乎这是出乎意料的。意料的。(不可用不可用as)3. 表示意料之外、没有想到的、表示意料之外、没有想到的、出乎意料的，只用出乎意料的，只用whichwhich常译作常译作“这这”; 而而as常译作常译作“正如正如”, 且多与且多与see, expect, imagine, know, hope等动词连用。等动词连用。as常用于固定搭配中常用于固定搭配中:as is often the case (这这是常有的事是常有的事), as we expected(不出所料不出所料); as often happens (正如经常发生的那样正如经常发生的那样)；as is known
37、 to all(众所周知众所周知); as has been said before (如上所述如上所述); as is mentioned above (正正如上面所提到的如上面所提到的)等等。等等。灵活运用灵活运用 一、专项填空一、专项填空 用用which或或as填空。填空。1. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, _turned out to be a wise decision.1. 引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句, 先行词是前面先行词是前面整个主句。整个主句。which2.
38、 I looked into their eyes, I found they didnt care, _told me it would be useless, but when I looked into yours, I saw kindness.解析：解析：引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句, which指前面指前面整个句子。整个句子。3. Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. 解析：解析：译成译成“这这”, 相当于相当于and this, 用用which。 whichwhich4. _
39、 is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.解析：解析：固定搭配固定搭配: as is often the case这是这是常有的事。常有的事。5. _ is mentioned above, paper is first made in China. 解析：解析：表示表示“正如正如”, 用用as。AsAs6. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him.可译作可译
40、作“这这”which7. _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.8. The result of the experiment was very good, _we hadnt expect.意料之外的事意料之外的事, 用用whichAswhich表示表示“正如正如”9. The weather turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect.没有想到的没有想到的, 意料之外的意料之外的, 只能
41、用只能用which。10. _is known to all, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 习惯搭配习惯搭配: as is known to all众所周知。众所周知。whichAs 1. Ive read all the books _ you gave me. A. which B. them C. what D. that 2. There isnt much _ I can do. A. what B. which C. that D. how CDI. Choose the right answer. 3. H
42、e keeps a record of everything _ he had seen there. A. he B. that C. which D. what 4. Tell us about the people and the places _ are different from ours. A. that B. who C. which D. whom AB 5. Mr John said that Suzhou was the first city _ he had visited in China. A. that B. where C. which D. what A6.
43、The TV play I watched last night is the best one _ I have watched this year. A. which B. what C. whose D. that D7. Last Sunday they reached Qingdao _ a conference was to be held. A. which B. that C. when D. where D8. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the
44、 one 9. I began to work in Beijing in the year _ New China was founded. A. when B. that C. which D. where AA 10. This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 11. There is no difficulty _ cant be overcome in the world. A. that B. which C. who D. what AB12. Who is th
45、e person _ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?A. who B. that C. which D. whom B 13. This was the supermarket _ I bought this kind of tin. A. whereB. that C. who D. which 14. The house _ the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery. A. that B. where C. what D. when AA 15. This is the
46、 last time _ I shall come here to help you. A. that B. which C. when D. what 16. The house _ we live is not big. A. in that B. which C. in which D. that AC 17. My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. that C. which D. whom C 18. All _ glitters is not
47、 gold. A. that B. which C. 不填不填 D. what 19. I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way _ he does. A. which B. what C. 不填不填 D. now CA 20. Beijing, _ is the capital of China, is a beautiful city. A. that B. it C. which D. 不填不填 21. She was no longer the woman _ she was. A. that B. whic
48、h C. what D. who AC 22. Thats the hotel _ last year. A. which we stayed B. at that we stayed C. where we stayed at D. where we stayed D23. The doctor did all _ to save the wounded boy. A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do B24. Anyone _ this opinion may s
49、peak out. A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against C25. The place _ you are standing used to be an old church. A. which B. where C. that D. when 26. Youve made the same mistake _ you made last time. A. as B. like C. which D. that AB27. It is not such an interesting magazi
50、ne _ I thought. A. as B. that C. which D. 不填不填 28. _ you know, he is a famous musician. A. As B. which C. That D. 不填不填 AA29. Mr Zhou, _ native language was Chinese, could read and write several foreign languages. A. whose B. his C. which D. that A30. Do you know the actor _ you saw playing Hamlet is