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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Chapter 2:1. Innate capacity: natural ability2. Sequential bilingualism: when a second language is introduced after the native language has been acquired.Simultaneous bilingualism: when young children acquire more than one language at the same time.3. What is the initial state of langua
2、ge development for L1 and L2 respectively? L1-innate capacity L2-L1,world knowledge,interaction skills,possibly innate capacity.4. What is a necessary condition for language learning (L1 or L2?) Input is necessary for both L1 and L2;social interaction is necessary for L1.5. Give at least two reasons
3、 that many scientists believe in some innate capacity for language. a.Children begin to learn their L1 at the same age,and in much the same way,whether it is English,Bengali,Korean,Swahili,or any other language in the world. b.If children had to actually learn the abstract rules of language,then onl
4、y the smartest would ever learn to talk,and it would take several years more to learn L1than it actually does. C.children master the basic phonological and grammatical operations in their L1 by age five or six,regardless of what the language is. D.Children can understand and create novel utterances;
5、they are not limited to repeating what they hear around them. E.there is a cut-off age for L1 acquisition,beyond which it can never be complete.6. Linguists have taken an internal and /or external focus to the study of language acquisition.What is the difference between the two? The internal focus s
6、eeks to account for speakers internalized,underlying knowledge of language.The external focus emphasizes language use,including the functions of language which are realized in learners production at different stages of development.7. Chapter 31. Briefly explain how language is systematic,symbolic an
7、d social. Systematic:Languages consist of recurrent elements which occur in regular patterns of relationships.Language is created according to rules or principles which speakers are usually unconscious of using if language was acquired in early childhood. Symbolic:Sequences of sounds or letters do n
8、ot inherently possess meaning.These symbols of language have meaning because of a tacit agreement among the speakers of a language. Social:Each language reflects the social requirements of the society that uses it.Although humans possess the potential to acquire an L1 because of their neurological m
9、akeup ,that potential can be developed only through interaction with others in the society.We use language to communicate with others about the human experience.2. Lexicon:vocabulary phonology:sound system 3. morphology:word structure syntax:grammar 4. Contrastive Analysis: Lado Error Analysis: Cord
10、er Interlanguage: Selinker Morpheme Order Studies: Dulay and Burt Monitor Model: Krashen Universal Grammar: Chomsky5. When interlanguage development stop before a learner reaches target language norms,it is called fossilization.石化6. As they can be understood in Chomskys theory of universal grammar,w
11、hat is the difference between linguistic performance and linguistic competence? Performance is actual use of language in a specific instance,whereas competence is the underlying knowledge of language we possess.7. According to a Functionalist perspective,what is the primary purpose of language? comm
12、unication8. A. My manger say i get raise-Infinite Utterance Organization B.they have eaten-Finite Utterance Organization C.girl nice but she not pretty-Nominal Utterance OrganizationD.later we talked- Finite Utterance OrganizationE.he call his mother,say”come over”-Infinite Utterance OrganizationF.m
13、an wife restaurant -Nominal Utterance OrganizationChapter 4:1. Learning process:studies the stages and sequences of language acquisition,addressing how acquisition happens. Neurolinguistics: studies how the location and organization of language might differ in the heads of monolingual versus multili
14、ngual speakers,addressing what is added and changed in peoples brains when they learn another language. Learner differences:considers aptitude in learning ,how learning is linked to age and sex,and addresses why some second language learners are more successful than others.2. Broca s area is respons
15、ible for the ability to speak,whereas Wernicks area is responsible for processing audio input.3. Coordinate bilingualism:Ursula speaks French and German fluently,but cannot switch readily between the two.She must speak all German with you,or all French,even if you both know both languages. Subordina
16、te bilingualism:Shane speaks English natively and German as an L2. Each time he learns something new in German,he translate it into English to memorize the literal translation and compare it to the English meaning and structure. Compound bilingualism:Maria speaks French and English fluently,and ofte
17、n speaks FRENGLISH,a mixture of French and English,with her other bilingual friends.She produces and understands this mixture of languages easily.4. Input if Considered whatever sample of L2 that learners are exposed to.However.according to the information Processing framework,what must learners do
18、to make this input available for processing?What is the term for this kind of input?5. Swain contends that output is necessary for successful L2 learning because it helps develop automaticity through practice and because it helps learners notice gaps in their own knowledge.6. The connectionist appro
19、ach to learning focuses on the increasing strength of associations between stimuli and response,considering learning a change in the strength of these associations.7. Intergrative motivation involves emotional or affective reasons for learning an L2,such as an intention to participate or integrate i
20、n the L2 speech community.Instrumental motivation involves a purely practical reason for learning,such as better job opportunities or passing required courses in school.Chapter 5:1. auxiliary language: In India,native speakers of Tamil learn English to participate in official Indian governmental pro
21、ceedings.2. Foreign language:A French person studies German for six years because the school system requires it.3. Second language:A Chinese family immigrates to Canada and studies English soa s to enter the school systems and the work force.4. According to sociocultural theory,interaction is necess
22、ary for language acquisition ,and all of learning is a social process.5. The zone of proximal development represents an area of potential development where the learner achieves more through interaction with a teacher or a more advanced learned.6. The acculturation model identifies group factors that
23、 are likely to create socail distance between learner and target groups and ultimately inhibit L2 learning.7. Additive bilingualism is where members of a dominant group learn the language of a minority without threat to to their L1 competence or to their ethnic identity.Substractive bilingualism is
24、where members of a minority group learn the dominant language as L2 and are more likely to experience some loss of ethnic identity and L1 skills.8. Formal learning is instructed learning ,usually occurring in schools.Informal learning is naturalistic,occurring in settings where people contact and need to interact with speakers of another language.专心-专注-专业