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1、北京中科院 2013 年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (10%)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000,although training has been substantiallyby the corporation.A.boostedB. curtailedC. plungedD. expended2.It is a touching scene that every parent can immediatelybecause they have
2、gonethrough the same ritual with their own children.A.come throughB. identify with C. take upD. refer to3.In ancient mythology there was no impassableseparating the divine from the humanbeings.A.polarityB. splitC. gulfD. void4.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a mamifacture
3、r isA. qualifiedB. agreeableC. compatibleD.liable5. The oil spill had aeffect on seabirds and other wildlife.A. reluctantB. mischievousC. devastatingD.malignant6. A friend isa second self.A. as it isB. as it wereC. as well asD.as though7. He leaned out of anupstairs window and felt a current of warm
4、 airfrom the street.A. exaltingB. ascendingC. swayingD. fluctuating8. In a market economy, it is impractical tobig banks to reduce the qualificationto provide financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises.A. take onB. bear onC. hold onD.count on9. The authorus as consistently fair and acc
5、urate about the issues.A. dismissedB. agitatedC. struckD.seized10. The new system is similar to the old onethere is stilla strong central government.A. now thatB. so thatC. in case thatD.in that11. In the final analysis,it is ourof death which decidesour answers to ; all thequestions that life puts
6、to us.A. conceptionB. deceptionC. receptionD.presentation12. The great tragedy of life is not that men, but that they cease to love.A.terminateB. expireC. perishD. wither13.His doctor has told him he mustnt drink, but he still has the occasional brandy.A.on the spotB. on the slyC. in natureD. in sho
7、rt14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient mayhis or herentire annual income.A.exploitB.expelC.expireD.exceed15.The currentwith exam results is actually harming childrens education.A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adheredthe s
8、ame religious beliefs for severalgenerations.A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the areas rich plant life had been severelyby the huge herds ofcows grazing the land.A. depletedB. decomposedC. corruptedD. corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves.A. on fireB. o
9、n edgeC. on earthD. on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesnttoo many people in this group, otherwiseit cannot work.各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料A. arouseB. offendC. spurD. violate20.The Federal Governmentfarmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above themarket value.A. piratesB. mediat
10、esC. supplementsD. SubsidizesPart n Cloze (15%)Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kidsattentionspans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 21 more than 1,300children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parentsto es
11、timate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing videogames, and they 22 the childrens attention spans by 23 their schoolteachers. 24studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, butnot both. By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching, these scien
12、tists were ableto show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 26attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota,points out that the study doesnt distinguish between the type of 27 required toexcel at a video game and that required to exc
13、el in school.“A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 28 obviously does nothave a 29 problem with paying attention,” says Green. “30 are they able to payattention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up thatarent being delivered in a school 31?” Modem TV
14、 shows are so exciting and fastpaced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 32 by comparison, and the same maybe true 33 video games, the study notes.“We werent able to break the games downby educational versus non-educational 34 nonvio-lent versus violent， ” says Swing，35 that the impact that d
15、ifferent types of games may have on at-tention is a ripearea for future research.21. A. followedB. trainedC.questionedD.challenged22. A. provokedB. speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed23. A. surveyingB. consideringC.persuadingD.guiding24. A. ContinuedB. PreviousC.LaterD.Ongoing25. A. far fromB. except f
16、orC.as well asD.instead of26. A. forB. toC.onD.of27. A. competitionB. techniqueC.attentionD.strategy28. A. on endB. at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out29. A. similarB. relevantG.seriousD.tricky30. A. WhatB. WhyC.WhenD.Where31. A. settingB. sceneC.frameD.platform32. A. industriousB. limitedC.dullD.fu
17、nny33. A. onB. atC.inD.for34. A. orB. againstC.whileD.with35. A. addingB. addsC.addedD.having addedPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 1Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphorhas been irresistible. The first computers room-size behem
18、oths were referredto as “giant brains” or uelectronic brains， in headlines and everyday speech.As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, likeplaying chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence”. DNA,it is said, isthe original software.For the most part, the bio
19、logical metaphor has long been just that a simplifyinganalogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology,guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer inspeech recognition, put it, “airplanes dont flap theirwings. “Yet the principlesof
20、biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking resultsfromadvancesinneuroscienceandcomputerscience,andfromthepushofnecessity.The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight not today or tomorrow,but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much fu
21、rther.Today s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip s circuitrycan be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity tomake sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, socialnetworks, video streams and corporate and govern
22、ment databases.To meet the challenge, without gobbling the worlds energy supply, a differentapproach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute morethan metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how weshould pursue the frontiers of computing,” sai
23、d John E. Kelly, the director ofresearch at I. B. M.Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question answering computer that can play“Jeopardy!” and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. s clevermachine consumes 85，000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just20 watts. “Evo
24、lution figured this out, ” Dr. Kelly said.Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists inuniversities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration ofcomputer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouragingenough that i
25、n August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recentmonths, the team has developed prototype“neurosynaptic”microprocessors ,or chipsthat operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.36.Paragraph 1 mainly tells.A.what the biological metaphor isB. how
26、computers have improvedC . when modem computing beganD. why DNA is the original software37.Frederick Jelineks quotation implies that.A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsC.computers can hardly match human brainsD.biology can barely s
27、erve to explain computing38.To meet growing demands computers need to be.A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive39.The boldfaced word “frontiers”(in Para. 5) refers to.A.computing problemsB.networking regulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online s
28、hopping benefits40.The human brain is superior to Watson in.A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition41.In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a ( n) .A. initiatorB. directorC. acceleratorD. contributorPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Sec
29、tion A (30%)Passage 2South Koreas hagwon ( private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a largerquest to tame the countrys culture of educational masochism. At the national andlocal levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissionspolicies to reduce student stress and
30、 reward softer qualities like creativity.One-size-fits-all，government-led uniform curriculums and an education system thatis locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable， ” PresidentLee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embeddedin Asia, where
31、 top grades and often nothing else have long been prized asessential for professional success. Modem-day South Korea has taken this competitionto new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after-school instruction ,sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost
32、 of $2,600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea thanthere are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars ayear from online and in-person classes. When SingaporeEducation Minister was askedlast year about his nations reliance on privat
33、e tutoring, he found one reason forhope: “ Were not as bad as the Koreans.In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend theentire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on universityadmissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. A
34、t the prestigious DaesungInstitute, admission is based on students test scores. Only 14% of applicants areaccepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nations top three universities.From a distance, South Koreas results look enviable. Its students consistentlyoutperform
35、 their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In theU. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasmSouth Korean parents have for educating their children ,and they lament how far theU. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsessi
36、on, South Korea couldnot have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But thecountrys leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurturemore innovation, economic growth will stall and fertility rates will continueto decline as families feel the pressur
37、e of paying for all that tutoring. “YouAmericans see a bright side of the Korean system. ” Education Minister Lee Ju-hotells me, but Koreans are not happy with it. ”42.South Koreas educational system.A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students creativityC.shames the countrys cultureD.offers easy
38、 admissions43.Shadow education .A.casts a shadow in students mindsB.makes the students scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring44.In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities.A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in
39、 high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring45.Parents in South Korea.A.usually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids reading and mathC.devote much of their energy to their kids educationD.lament the way the US parents educate t
40、heir children46.South Koreas education obsession.A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the countrys economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nations fertility ratesD.has won world notoriety for South Korean parents47.With respect to the future of the educational sys
41、tem, South Korean politicians.A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesG. wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD. hope to expand the scope of private tutoringPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 3A dispute that, according to Members of Par
42、liament (MPs) , threatens the verysurvival of London Metropolitan University (London Met) , the capitals biggesthigher education institution, is spilling over onto Londons streets. Last weeklorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched as a group of students and staffmarched in protest against
43、 a meeting of London Mets governors.“ Save our Staff”and London Met on the Roper” ，a reference to the universitys vicechancellor,Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners.The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attracted controversy for themilitancy of its staff and students, but the l
44、atest row is a more serious matter.This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council ( Hefc) toclaw back more than 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believedthat as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaidfor student dropouts
45、 since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the sametime that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither themanagers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts.“The University and College Union ( UCU) is very concerned that the Hefcregulations appear
46、 to discriminate against widening participation,” said a UCUspokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the managementare not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they havenot considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments. ”One of the iss
47、ues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessmentsat the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year shouldbe classified as drop-outs. Hefcconsiders them to have dropped out and says thatits funding definitions apply to all universities regardless ；UCU belie
48、ves theyshould not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help theycan get to complete the course.The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPssays that the scale of the cuts - an 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38min claw-backs for p
49、revious years“ throws the future operability of the universityinto doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capitals economichealth. ”48.The dispute mentioned is partly between.A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Mefs staff and its governorsD.London Mets students and lorry dr
50、ivers49.“London Met on the Roper” implies that.A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility50.Hefc is to take back over 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, thelatter.A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has