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1、水产养殖专业英语Ocean Today一Open Rivers, Abundant FishMany species of fish, including those that are important to the . economy, migrate from the ocean to freshwater rivers and streams to spawn. After spending years in the ocean, fish instinctually return to the same rivers where they were born, making the
2、often-treacherous journey upstream. Some fish, like salmon, travel nearly a thousand miles.If they make it past strong river currents and hungry predators, these determined fish may then find themselves blocked by man-made barriers, such as dams.As many as two million dams and culverts are located i
3、n the streams and rivers of the United States. Unfortunately, many of them block access to more than 600,000 miles of river habitat. Special “fish ladders ” are built to help fish pass over these dams so they can continue swimming upstream to reach their spawning grounds.Some of the dams that block
4、fish passage are important producers of clean electrical power. But other dams in the way of fish migrations are old and out of use, even dangerous if they are left unchecked and not maintained. Often the best solution is to take them down.In 2007, Portland General Electric removed the Marmot Dam in
5、 Oregon, which opened 100 miles of freshwater habitat to thousands of migrating fish. Among them were 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - several salmon species, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.The Merrim
6、ack Village Dam in New Hampshire was another successful dam removal. The small dam, originally built in the 1730s, had fallen into disuse and disrepair.Loiselle: “Removal of the Merrimack Village Dam is going to make way for river herring, American shad, American eels, and Atlantic salmon that have
7、been blocked from migrating up the Souhegan River for almost two and a half centuries.big smile we anticipate that were going to see many more fish, other wildlife in the area and in our river system than weve ever seen before.”NARRATOR: When we remove a barrier to migrating fish, we not only increa
8、se the health and quantity of local fish populations, we also increase the overall health of the river and even the economic health of the community.NOAA has helped remove over 50 dams in 12 years, enabling migratory fish to finally reach their historic habitat.二精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - -
9、 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - Fish on a FarmEvery weekend small farmers around the country head to their local farmer s markets to sell their fruits and veggies.Well guess what Theres a new farmer in town. Fish farmers.In the ., we import over 80% of the seafood we e
10、at, and half of that is farmed. This growing demand for safe, healthy seafood has prompted a revival of the fish farming industry here at home.Farmers raise finfish using a variety of methods, but they all start out with baby fish or fingerlings raised in a hatchery. Once they are large enough, the
11、fish are placed in either surface pens near the shore or submersible cages in the open ocean. The netting or cages allow ocean water to flow in and out, but keeps the fish contained in one area. Fish food is dispensed from buoys floating on the surface at the top of the pen. Once the fish have matur
12、ed they are harvested using large vacuums. The fish are then prepped, placed on ice, and taken to market.There are some environmental concerns associated with fish farming: For example, the pellets used to feed the fish are actually made from small fish caught in the wild. In order to keep larger nu
13、mbers of these important fish in the food chain, experts are now finding alternative ingredients for fishmeal.Another concern is that too many cages in the wrong location can lead to water pollution. But experts are now using computer models to map out sites where cages would have less environmental
14、 impact.Fish farming can generate jobs and profits here at home. And with the use of new 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - technologies, it can also safely and sustainably meet the demands of a seafood hungry nation.三Seafood Does a Bo
15、dy GoodWhen we head to the beach we think of sun, sand, and fun.At the end of the day many of us like to enjoy fresh, local seafood. Even if you are not on the coast, seafood is becoming a number one treat for going out to eat. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页
16、，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - The good news is safe seafood does a body good. Seafood supplies protein, nutrients, and essential omega-3 fatty acids; protects against cardio-vascular disease; and benefits brain development. And seafood is good for the economy. In 2012, the . commercial fishing industr
17、y generated $141 billion in sales, $39 billion in income, and supported million jobs.Aquaculture, also known as fish and shellfish farming is outpacing wild harvest fisheries globally in order to meet seafood demand.The US also has a vibrant and growing aquaculture industry. While the . is a world l
18、eader in sustainability, with NOAA Fisheries managing and improving fish habitats and stocks, our marine scientists are at the cutting edge of research thats keeping our seafood supply safe.For example, researchers are successfully developing and testing alternative feeds for farmed freshwater and m
19、arine fish to help maintain high nutritional value while reducing our reliance on a limited supply of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds.And, scientists at NOAAs Northwest Fisheries Science Center are testing the Environmental Sample Processor to help forecast blooms of harmful algae and bacteria up
20、 to a week in advance in order to protect shellfish beds and the public from possible exposure. The shellfish industry in the Pacific Northwest supplies millions of pounds of seafood to the . and the world.And millions of dollars in funding opportunities through NOAA Sea Grant and the . Department o
21、f Agricultures Small Business Innovation Research will help foster other advancements in aquaculture science and technology.These efforts across NOAA, other federal agencies, and their partners will continue to support a safe, healthy and secure seafood supply for us all to enjoy.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - -
22、 - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - Because seafood health, the oceans health, and our health, all rely on one another.四North Atlantic Right WhalesThe North Atlantic right whale got its name from whalers. Because these whales travel slowly and spend a lot
23、 of time at the surface, they were easy targets. For whalers they were the “right” whales to hunt. With fewer than 400 left, they are now the “right” whales to save. Marine biologists track their migratory routes off North America for the spring and fall, but the wintering grounds for much of the ri
24、ght whale population are unknown. Using hydrophones, scientists recorded whale calls in the waters between Greenland and Iceland from July to December of 2007. A hydrophone is simply a microphone designed to capture underwater sounds.North Atlantic right whale calls sound like screams, bangs, and gr
25、oans. After deciphering thousands of these new recordings, there was evidence of right whales 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - calling nearby many times. This area was thought to be an abandoned habitat, but this discovery confirms t
26、hat it continues to be used.New discoveries always lead to more questions: How many whales are there Could these whales be members of a totally separate population, or even an eastern population thought to be extinctWhatever the answers may be, hydrophones helped us find these whales in a hard to re
27、ach location. But most important, if we know where these right whales are wintering, then we can better protect them and maybe even help them recover.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 五Antarctic KrillKrill are small crustaceans found
28、throughout the ocean. They play an important role in the aquatic food chain, particularly in the Southern Ocean.Antarctic krill provide a vital food source for whales, seals, ice fish, and penguins. These animals depend on eating large quantities of krill for survival in the harsh climate. For their
29、 own meals, Antarctic krill eat small plants like phytoplankton, as well as algae under the surface of sea ice.Krill have the ability to shrink their bodies and undergo long periods of starvation. These adaptations allow them to survive the winter months in the Antarctic.Krill travel in swarms so de
30、nse they can actually be seen from space. And its estimated that the total weight of Antarctic krill is more than the weight of all humans on Earth. Pretty impressive for an animal the size of your pinky.And thats life with the ice for Antarctic krill. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳
31、 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 六Building Good MusselsFarmers grow all kinds of seafood such as fish, shrimp, and oysters. That may sound funny but it is a method called “aquacult
32、ure.” Aquaculture happens in ponds, rivers, bays, and the ocean.Farmers also grow a type of shellfish called “mussels. ” You may have seen mussels growing from a pier, jetty, or dock. Their black shell is hard and, in the wild, they grow in clusters. Mussels are easy to farm and great to eat.They al
33、so help clean the water. Mussels are filter-feeders, which means that they feed by collecting tiny organisms from the water. So they clean and filter the water as they eat.Fishermen from Rhode Island to Maine are beginning to farm mussels in socks in the ocean. First, they collect baby mussel seed o
34、n ropes near the shore. The seed goes into a sock around a long rope. On the water, the sock with the rope is connected to buoys, dropped into the water, and left to grow in the ocean for at least a year. After one year, juicy mussels are bursting through the socks. They are collected, packed on ice
35、, and brought back to shore to sell. A small farm with 12 long lines can produce up to 180,000 pounds of mussels each 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - year. Farming mussels on rafts and on the bottom is hard work, muddy, and messy. But it can be fun, too. Right now, in the United States, mussel farming is catching on among fishermen and farmers. It s helping provide the seafood we need in a healthy and sustainable manner.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - -