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1、教师资格初中英语学科知识与教学能力第二章英语教学知识（中）材料题根据以下材料，回答45-49题（江南博哥）Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electr
2、omagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becau
3、se evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimateor the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the
4、 executive summary of a new scientific review,released in draft form late last week,the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic f
5、ields-those having very long wave-lengths-and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer, while the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans”.The report is no reason to
6、panic-or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny tha
7、t the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, s
8、cientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earthsown magnetic field, the electric fields surr
9、ounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter.This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus
10、used to be that they could not, and for decades, scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks an
11、d there are regulations to control emissions.But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism
12、by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document”toward proving a link.“Our reviewers are convinced that
13、there is no suggestion that(electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,”the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagons concern is understandable.There is hardly a unit of the modern military that doe
14、s not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.45 单选题 The main idea of this passage is_. 查看材料A.studies on the cause of cancerB.controversial viewpoints in the cause of cancerC. the rela
15、tionship between electricity and cancerD.different ideas about the effect of electricity on cancer正确答案：D 参考解析：主旨题。全文主要围绕人们关于电流对癌症影响的不同观点展开叙述，分别介绍了科学家、美国环保署、美国国防部等的观点。故本题选D。46 单选题 The view point of the EPA is_. 查看材料A.there is casual link between electricity and cancerB.electricity really affects canc
16、erC. controversialD. low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer正确答案：A 参考解析：细节题。根据关键词定位至原文第二段。根据“The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidencesuggests a casual linkbetween extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields-those having very long wavelengthsand leukemia，
17、lymphoma and brain cancer”可知，美国环保署认为电流与癌症之间有着某种难以确定的关系。故本题选A。47 单选题 Why did the Pentagon and White House object to the release of the report? 查看材料A.It may stir a great deal of debate among the Administration.B. Every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electroni
18、c equipment.C. The Pentagons concern was understandable.D. They had different arguments.正确答案：B 参考解析：细节题。原文最后一段指出现代军事部门几乎没有不依赖大量电子设备的。这就是美国国防部和政府反对该国环保署公布报告的理由。根据第三段可知，证据的不确定性引起了政府内部的讨论，A项“报告会在政府内引起激烈的讨论”不是美国国防部和政府反对公布报告的理由，而是报告引起的结果。C、D两项均不是美国国防部和该国政府反对公布报告的理由。故本题选B。48 单选题 It can be inferred from th
19、e physical phenomenon that_. 查看材料A.the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmfulB. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generateC.electromagnetic field may affect healthD. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of hum
20、an body正确答案：C 参考解析：推断题。根据文章第四段可知这一物理现象是电流通过时会产生电磁场，电磁场会对周围环境造成影响。接着该段及接下来的内容指出电磁场很微弱，因此科学家们不认为其会危害健康，因而之前也没有针对电磁场对健康的影响的研究(科学家们更关注其他辐射性更强的物体对健康的危害，如X光)。因此A项“电磁场过于微弱不足以产生危害”过于武断。B项文章有明确提及，不属于推断出的内容。D项表述过于绝对，无法从文章推断出。倒数第二段提到“exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues”，由此可推选出C
21、项“电磁场也许会影响健康”。故本题选C。49 单选题 What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments? 查看材料A.They are indifferent.B. They are worried very much.C. They may exercise prudent avoidance.D. They are shocked.正确答案：C 参考解析：推断题。全文主要围绕着人们关于电流对癌症影响的不同的观点展开叙述。因为电流是否对健康有影响这一问题仍然有争议，所以人们更可能采
22、取谨慎的回避措施。故本题选C。材料题根据以下材料，回答50-54题The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger g
23、enerations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from the stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message.Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural
24、values can be found in Aesops Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire.Aesop, a slave who won the favor of the court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always pla
25、yed the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than stealing from, hu
26、man beings.Aesops fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those traits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about natur
27、e and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vine. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up,making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway. The fables lesson, that we often play down that which we ca
28、nt achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of the weaknesses of the human psyche.The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesops fables did. The stories of Roma
29、n gods,Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered most important to their community,and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.50 单选题 The author appear
30、s to view fables as_. 查看材料A.the most interesting and valuable form of mythologyB.entertaining yet serious subjects of studyC. are mnant tool of past civilizations, but not often used in the modern ageD. the primary method by which ancient values and ideas were transmitted between generations正确答案：B 参
31、考解析：推断题。作者对寓言的评价需要综合分析，第一段第一句指出，一种文化中的神话传说可以为了解该文化中人们的信仰及价值观念提供极其重要的深刻见解；第三段最后一句提到这个故事以轻松的形式告诉读者或听众人心灵中的一个弱点，所以B项是对寓言的最佳概括。51 单选题 The way that fables were used in the past is most similar to todays_. 查看材料A.fairytales that entertain children at homeB.stories in childrens school textbooks that reinfor
32、ce the lessonC.science documentaries that explain how nature worksD.movies that depict animals as having human characteristics正确答案：B 参考解析：细节题。根据第一段中的“By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons
33、 to younger generations，a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important”可知，B项说法与原文相符。52 单选题 The main purpose of Paragraph 3 is to_. 查看材料A.examine how one of Aesops fables sheds light on certain facets of Greek beliefB.dissect one of Aesops fables in order to study the elements that ma
34、ke up Greek mythologyC. learn from the lesson presented in one of Aesops most well-known fablesD.illustrate a fable typical of Aesops style, so as to examine how one goes about studying the meaning behind it正确答案：A 参考解析：推断题。第三段前两句指出伊索寓言的中心主题及最终目的，然后举例加以说明，因此四个选项中只有A项最恰当地概括了本段的大意，其他选项都比较片面。53 单选题 The
35、author names the Roman, Aztec and European cultures in order to 查看材料A.identify other cultures in which fables were the primary method by which to pass on traditions and valuesB.explicitly name the various types of characters in those cultures fablesC.stress that mythology was used by cultures other
36、than the Greeks to convey societal moralsD.establish them, in addition to the Greeks, as the societies most notable for their mythology正确答案：C 参考解析：推断题。根据最后一段中的“The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesops fables did”可知，作者提到其他文
37、化的目的是指出其他文化或社会中的神话也和伊索寓言一样能展现出这些文化各自的内在特征，所以C项最符合文意。A项中的primary method没有根据；B项和D项都是对原文的错误理解。54 单选题 The main point of this text is_. 查看材料A.Aesops fables provide a valuable glimpse into early Greek thought and beliefsB. the most efficient and reliable way to study the values system of an ancient cultur
38、e is through study of its mythologyC.without a thorough examination of a societys fables and other mythology, a cultural study on that society would be only partialD.through the study of a cultures mythological tradition, one can discern some of the underlying beliefs that shaped those stories正确答案：D
39、 参考解析：主旨题。本文首句即为主题句，一种文化中的神话传说可以为了解该文化中人们的信仰及价值观念提供极其重要的深刻见解，第二、三段以伊索寓言为例进行了讨论，最后总结并呼应主题，所以D项正确。A项观点片面；BC两项无法在文中找到依据。55 单选题 Teaching pronunciation is not teaching isolated speech sounds. Some aspects such as phonemes, phonetic symbols, words, sentences, meanings, and us ages should be included. This
40、 reflects the_principle of teaching pronunciation.A.comprehensivenessB.long-term developmentC. accuracyD.pertinence正确答案：A 参考解析：本题考查语音教学原则。语音教学并不是孤立的发音教学。教师应该将音素、音标、单词、句子及语义、语用等各个层面结合起来。这体现了语音教学的综合性原则。56 单选题 Which of the following is least used as a method of grammar practice?A.Mechanical practice.B.
41、Meaningful practice.C.Communicative practice.D.Perception practice.正确答案：D 参考解析：本题考查语法练习形式。A项“机械性练习”，B项“意义性练习”，c项“交际性练习”，D项“认知练习”。A、B、C三项均属于语法练习的方法，认知练习一般用于语音练习。故本题选D。57 单选题 If a teacher wants to use the visual method to introduce a new lesson, he/she can_.A.present physical materials or picturesB. t
42、ell a storyC. lead students review knowledgeD. play a song正确答案：A 参考解析：本题考查视觉导入法。视觉导入法包括实物导入、绘画导入和肢体导入等方式。A项“展示实物或图片”属于视觉导入法，B项“讲故事”属于故事导入法，C项“带领学生复习知识”属于复习导入法，D项“放一首歌”属于听觉导入法。故本题选A。材料题根据以下材料，回答58-62题Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countri
43、es play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true: the international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years, the Olympic Games have done little to
44、support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation
45、 after the hockey final. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said, “This isnt hockey.Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation
46、said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least .three years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the Unit
47、ed States had won by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russia player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match.An
48、appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics, there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.