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1、初中英语冀教版中考复习(4)之词汇名词1 名词的种类名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类.可数名词有单复数形式的变化,而不可数名词没有单复数变化 . (1)可数名词复数形式主要变化规则(a)一般在词尾后加-s,如: dogdogs. (b)以-s、-x、-ch、-sh 结尾的加 -es,如: watch-watches。(c)以辅音字母 +y结尾的,变y 为 i 加-es,如: country-countries 。区别:元音字母+y 结尾的,则直接加-s, 如: monkey-monkeys 。(d)以-f(e)结尾的,变f(e)为 v,再加 -es,如: knife-knives 。(e)
2、.不规则变化的:(1).变元音字母的tooth-teeth,footfeet, goose-geese ,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,(区别:GermanGermans )(2).单复数形式相同的:sheepsheep,fish-fish ,deer-deer ,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese (3).child children (4).mouse- mice (f).集合名词只有复数形式:people,clothes, trousers, glasses 等. (g).有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数
3、.如:news,maths,physics 等. No news is good news. (h)可用 how many ,many, a few,few,a lot of ,lots of,some,any 等来修饰可数名词复数. (2)不可数名词1.不可数名词如果要表示量的概念,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用 how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等表示多少 . (2)用 a piece of,a cup of 等来表示不可数名词的量。如:两片面包two pieces of bread 区别:可数名词也可用量来表示. 如:三箱苹果th
4、ree boxes of apples (3 )名词所有格表示人和物的所有关系.其形式一般表示为sbs. (1)有生命的名词所有格,其单数形式是在该词后加- s ,其复数形式是加- . (2)无生命的名词所有格则用of 结构来表示 . (3)表示时间,距离,长度,重量,价格,世界,国家等名词的所有格要用 s,复数形式用 .如: ten minutes walk(4)双重所有格.如: a teacher of my sisters 冠词1.不定冠词的用法不定冠词有a 和 an两种形式, 用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指, 说明其名称和种类.注意:单词 hour,honest等词以及以f,h,l,m,
5、n,r,s,x 等辅音字母开头, 但发音是以元音音素开头的,当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用an;相反单词one,useful,university,European 等词的发音却以辅音音素开头,当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用a. This is _ interesting book and it is also_ useful one. A.a;a B.an;an C.an;a D.a;an 2.定冠词的用法定冠词 the 和名词连用,特指某人或某物,或指谈话双方都知道的人或物,还指世界上独一无二的事物,以及用于乐器名称,序数词和形容词,副词最高级前. 3.不用冠词的几种情况国名,人名和一些专有名
6、词前;月份,星期等表示时间的名词前;三餐,球类运动和娱乐运动的名词前通常不用冠词. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - - -Will you get there by _ bus ? -No, I ll take _ taxi.A.a;the B.the;a C./;a D./;/ 4.固定搭配中的冠词的用法要准确记忆固定词组.如: a few , have a rest 等. 在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,注意区别:in fr
7、ont of 在前面in the front of 在范围内的前部in the hospital 在医院里围内的前部in hospital ( 生病 )住院三、数词1. 基数词的构成120,30,40, 50,60,70,80,90,100,1000,1000000. 注意:英语中没有“ 万” ,如:一万ten thousand 2.确定数目与不确定数目基数词表示具体数目时,hunderd,thousand,million 等词用单数形式。在表示 “ 数百 ” ,“ 数千 ” ,“ 数百万 ” 等不确定数目时,要用“hundreds/thousands/millions of ”表达,等基数词
8、前面不可用具体数字修饰,但可加many 或 several等词。3.合成形容词的构成1) “ 基数词连字符单数名词” 可构成合成形容词, 该类词常作定语。 如: two-month holiday 2) “ 基数词度量单位(复数)形容词(old/long/wide/deep/high/)” 常作表语 . 4.序数词的构成和用法1)多数由 “ 基数词 th ”构成,少数构成不规则,需要特别记忆. 2)the +序数词,在句中作定语放在被修饰的名词前. 3)a/an序数词,表示“ 再一;又一 ”.如: Try a second time. 4)给事物编号时, 数字在名词前用序数词,数字在名词后用基
9、数词.如: The fifth unit/ Unit Five 5.分数与倍数1)分数表示法基数词/序数词 .分子过一,分母用复数形式.如: one fourth; three fifths 2)倍数表示法通常借助half,double,twice,three times 等词来表示 . 代词人称代词1.人称代词由主格和宾格组成.主格作主语,宾格作动词和介词的宾语. 2.注意“ 动词(宾格)副词”3. 人称代词的排列顺序:单数为you,he/she,I.复数为 we,you,they. 不定代词1.some 一些;某些;某个.多用在肯定句中和表邀请或者对方可能给予肯定回答的疑问句中等 . 2.
10、any 一些;任何 .多用在否定句或疑问句中.用在肯定句中表“ 任何 ”.3.none 无人;无物;无东西.在句中代替不可数名词作定语时,谓语动词用单数形式 .代替可数名词谓语动词用复数形式. 4.many,much 许多 .many 修饰可数名词,much 修饰不可数名词. 5.a few,a little, few, little 少量; 不多;几个 .a few, few 修饰可数名词, a little ,little修饰不可数名词. 形容词副词1.形容词修饰等不定代词时,须放在其后. 2.貌似副词的形容词:friendly 友好的; lonely 孤独的; lively 生动的; l
11、ovely 可爱的 . 3.(1)as as 和.一样(中间用原级) ( 2)not as(so) as 和.不一样(中间用原级)( 3) than . . 比.(用比较级) (4) 倍数比较级than 几倍( 5)比较级 thanany other单数名词 最 (6)比较级 and比较级越来越 ( 7)The比较级 ,the比较级 . 越 ,越 .4.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略. 5.可用 much, a little, even, still 等修饰比较级. 6.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than 后常用 one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词. 如:
12、The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - - 7.掌握三种同义句转换:1)He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class. 2)This film is less interesting than that one
13、. =This film isnt as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3)I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. 介词表时间的1.(1)at 表示钟点;夜里;中午及某些词组中.(2)on 表示具体的某一天或某一天的某个时候 . (3) in 表示在年,月,季,在上午,下午,晚上,白天等. 2.till/until 到 为止(肯定句,用延续性动词);直到 才 (否定句,瞬间性动词)3.during 在
14、 期间(强调自始至终)4.for时间段; since时间点注:在表时间时next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all等前不用介词. 表方位的1.at / in 在 (注: in the fields / on the farm) 2.between /among 在 之间3.in /on /to 位于(in 在某范围内, on 相邻接壤 ,to 在某范围外 ) 4.above /over /on 在 上面5.by /beside /near 在 附近6.across / through 穿(通)过注:介词后常用人称代词
15、宾格和动词-ing 形式如: Thank you for teaching us so well. 连词并列连词1.but 等表转折关系(和though 不连用) . 2.neither nor ,either or ,not only but also , 他们连接主语时,谓语动词和最近的主语一致. 3.so 表因果关系(和 because不连用 );and 表联合关系; or 表选择关系 . 从属连词1.引导时间状语从句:when,while,before,after,as soon as,until, since2.引导条件状语从句:if 3.引导让步状语从句:although /tho
16、ugh ( 和 but 不连用 ) 4.引导结果状语从句:so /such that (so+adj /adv ;such+n.) 区别: so that 时态和语态1.一般现在时1) 意义:表现在的特征或状态;表经常性或习惯性的动作. 2) 结构:be / do (动词的原形 .注:当主语是第三人称单数时除外) 4) 主要动词:动词的第三人称单数形式(其构成规则和规则的名词复数变化形式相同) 4)常见时间状语:often,sometimes,usually, every day, on Tuesdays. 5)否定句的谓语由“ 助动词 dont / doesnt动词原形 ” 构成 .一般疑问
17、句将do /does提到句首 . 2.一般过去时1) 意义:表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.2) 结构:be (was /were ) / did 3) 主要动词:过去式规则动词过去式的构成:一般在词尾加ed ;以字母 e 结尾的, 加 d ;少双;“ 辅音字母 y” 结尾的,变 “ y” 为 “I ”再加 ed. 不规则的须特殊记忆. 4)常见时间状语: yesterday,last night ,in 2002,two days ago.3.一般将来时1) 意义:表将要发生的动作或存在的状态.2) 结构:will ( 第一人称用shall )/ be going to 动词原形3)
18、常见时间状语:tomorrow,next week .4.现在进行时1)意义:现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行的动作.2)结构:助动词be + 现在分词(即:精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - - ving )3)主要动词:现在分词构成:一般在词尾加ing ; 以不发音的字母e 结尾的,去e ,再加 ing ; “少双 ”5.现在完成时1)意义: 表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响;或表某一动作过去已开始,并持续到现在,也许还要持续下去. 2)结
19、构:助动词have /has +过去分词3)主要动词:过去分词构成:规则动词的过去分 词 和 过 去 式 的 构 成 相 同 ; 不 规 则 的 须 特 殊 记 忆 . 4 ) 常 见 时 间 状 语 :already,yet,never,ever .;for +时间段, since +时间点 . 6. 过去进行时1) 意义:表过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作. 2) 结构:was /were +现在分词(即:ving )7. 过去完成时1)意义:过去的过去. 2)结构:助动词had +过去分词8.过去将来时1)意义: 表从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作. 2)结构: would / was
20、,were going to + 动词原形被动语态1)结构:助动词be 及物动词的过去分词2)掌握情态动词,带双宾语,短语动词和某些动词(如:make ,hear ,see.)的被动语态情态动词情态动词无人称和数的变化,后接动词原形,否定式是在其后面加not. 1.can 能;会;可能;可以 . can t 可以表否定推测.如:She can t be in Paris because I saw her here just now. 2.may 表请求,许可;表推测;3.must 必须;表肯定推测;注意:Must I/we ? Yes,you must./No, you needn t .动
21、词不定式(短语)1.结构: (to)动词原形,否定式:not (to) 动词原形 . 2.作主语或宾语时用形式主语,形式宾语代替.结构: It be + 形容词(for / of sb. )+ to do . 主语谓语it 补足语to do .如: It s important for us to learn English well . Most young people find it exciting to watch a football game . 3.作某些动词(如:want,refuse,decide,hope)的宾语 . 4.作宾语补足语.在 ask ,tell ,allow
22、 ,expect ,teach 等动词后面常用不定式作补足语;但 let ,make ,see ,hear 等动词后常用不带to 的不定式作补足语.(注意:变被动语态时要带to )如: The boy was often seen to steal things in the shop 5. “疑问词 to do ”作宾语 . 如: I don t know what to do .现在分词1.作主语.如: Watching TV too much is bad for your health . 2.作某些动词(如:enjoy ,finish ,keep ,mind ,practice ,
23、give up 等)的宾语 .(注意:现在分词在一些短语中作宾语,常见的有:stop /keep /prevent from doing阻止 做,feel like doing想要做 ,spend(in)doing 花费 做,succeed in doing 成功做 ,be good at doing,擅长于做 ,be interested in doing,对做 感兴趣, be busy doing ,忙于做 ,have fun / difficult / trouble / problem (in) doing , 做感到愉快 /做 有困难等 . 如: I have trouble und
24、erstanding the English poems. 3.与不定式的区别1)stop to do 停下来去做; stop doing 停止做 .2)try to do 尽力做; try doing 试着做 .3)forget / remember to do 忘记 /记得去做; forget / remember doing 忘记 /记得做过 .4)see/ hear/ sb do 看见 /听见某人做(表动作的全过程);精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页 - - -
25、- - - - - - - see / hear / sb doing 看到 /听到某人正在做(表动作正在进行)等情景交际1.问候: A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ? Nice to meet you. B:回答相同A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you. 2.介绍:This is Mr/Mrs/Miss. Id like you to meet my parents. My name is.Im a student. 3.告
26、别A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night. B:回答相同4.感谢和应答表示感谢通常回答Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. Thats OK. Many thanks. Thats all right. Thanks for helping me. Youre welcome. 5.祝愿、祝贺和应答A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you. A:H
27、appy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you. A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you. 6.道歉和应答A:Im sorry.Im sorry to trouble you. B:It doesnt matter. Its not important. Thats nothing. 7.遗憾和同情What a pity!Im sorry to hear that. 8.邀请和应答A:Would you like to ? B:Yes, Id love to. 9.提供帮助和应答A:Can I help yo
28、u?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike. Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks. Thats very kind of you. 10.请求允许A:May I.? Can I/Could I.? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或 Never mind
29、. 11.表示同意和不同意(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK. Thats a good idea. I agree with you. (2):No, I dont think so. Im afraid not. I really cant agree with you. 12.表示肯定和不肯定1: Im sure. Im sure that. 2: Im not sure. Im not sure whether/if. Maybe. 13.喜欢和厌恶1: I like /love
30、.(very much) I like /love to. 2: I dont like to. I hate to . 14. 问时间、日期的应答A:What day is it? B:Its Monday.A:Whats the date?B:Its Jan. 10th. A:Whats the time,please? B:Its five oclock/half past five. Its time to . 15.请求(1): Can/could you.for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have.? (2): Please
31、give/pass me. Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line. (3): No smoking, please. No noise, please. 16.劝告和建议1:Youd better. You should. You need to. 2:Shall we do sth. ? Lets do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答 : OK. Good idea. 17.禁止和警告1:You mustnt play on the
32、road. If you . youll . 2:Take care.=Be careful. 18.表示感情A: 喜悦 Great!Thats nice. Im glad/pleased/happy to.B: 焦虑Whats wrong? Whats the matter with you?Im/Hes/Shes worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇Really?Oh, dear!Is that so? 19.约会A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning? Shall we
33、meet at 4:30 at the school gate? B:Yes, thats all right. Yes, Ill be free then. All right.See you then. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - - 20.语言困难Pardon?Please say that more slowly again. What do you mean by.?Im sorry I know only a little English. 21.表示称赞:A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:Its nice of you to say so. 或 Thank you. 22.常见的标志和说明BUSINESS HOURS营业时间NO PHOTOS 禁止拍照OFFICE HOURS 办公时间THIS SIDE UP 这边向上精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - -