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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一名词名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词,可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是: 专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 1名词 个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可数名词 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 普通名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。
2、如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词2. 可数名词复数形式的构成 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es,现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下: 情况 构成方法 例词 读音 一般情况 在词尾加-sdesk desks map maps -s在请辅音后发s音 day days girl girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发z 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus buses box boxes watch watches es发iz音 以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es family families fact
3、ory factories party parties -ies发iz音 以f或fe 结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es knife knives life lives wife wives half halves -ves发vz音 以o结尾的有生命的词在词尾加-es potato potatoes tomato tomatoes hero heroes -es发z音 以o结尾的无生命的词在词尾加-sradio radios zoo zoos -s发z音 英语中还有不少名词的复数形式是不规则的,必须把它们牢记在心。如:manmen, womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen
4、, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice, sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish等。3. 名词的所有格 在英语中,有些名词的词尾 可以加上s,用来表示所有关系,这种结构称为名词的所有格。单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结
5、尾的人名所有格加Dickens novels, Charles job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles二冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:
6、1表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈(一般译为“一”)It has a round face.2指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly. My father is a driver.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day. Take the medicine three times a day.4用于固定词组中a bit, in a hurry, have a walk, have a good time, after a while5a用在辅音音素开头的词前a
7、 book a useful book a “u” ju:sful ju:an用于元音开头的词前.an hour an “F” an honest man au ef II. 定冠词的用法:1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物 Give me the book. The book on the desk is mine.2指谈话双方都知道的人或事物Where is the doctor? Would you mind opening the door? 3再次提到上文提到过的人或事物I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.
8、 4用在世界上独一无二的事物The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.5用在序数词和形容词最高级前Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.6用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。The nurse is kind to the sick. the old, the young, the poor, the happy7在江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉的名称前 the Changjiang River, the West Lake 8在姓氏的复数名词前,表
9、示夫妇二人或全家人The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.9用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前in the west, on the right, in the morningIII. 零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. Whose purse is this?3季节,
10、月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三代词:代词
11、可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格youIheityouwethey宾格youmehimityouusthem2物主代词形容词性yourmyhisitsyourourtheir名词性yoursminehisitsyoursourstheirs3反身代词yourselfmyselfhimselfitselfyourselvesourselvesthemselvs4指示代词thisthatthesethe samesuch5疑问代词whowhosewhat6关系代词7不定代词manyfewa fewall, both, neither, either, other, another, someth
12、ing, everyonemuchlittlea little一、. 人称代词的用法 1)人称代词的主格在句子中充当主语 例如: I am studying English now. 我现在正在学英语。 We love our country. 我们热爱我们的国家。 如果有几个人称代词并列充当主语,它们的顺序是: 单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they 2)人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。 例如: Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗? We are waiting for them. 我们正在等他们。 Who is the
13、re? Its me. 是谁呀?是我。 二、形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的主要用法区别 1)形容词性物主代词不能独立使用,只作定语,用来修饰后面的名词。 例如: My parents are both doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 We saw a film yesterday. Its name was Speed. 我们昨天看了一场电影,片名是生死时速。 2)名词性物主代词应独立使用,后面不跟名词,相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,它们在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 例如: Is this her pen? No, hers is red. (主语) 这是她的钢笔吗?不,她的是红色
14、的。 Lets clean their room first, and then clean ours. (宾语) 咱们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我们的。 These letters are his.(表语) 这些信是他的。 三、反身代词的用法 1)在句子中作宾语,表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。 例如: My grandmother is too old to look after herself. 我奶奶年纪太大了,照顾不了她自己。 Lei Feng was always ready to help others, he never thought of himself. 雷锋总是乐于帮
15、助别人,从不考虑自己。 2) 主要用于加强语气I did it myself.3)反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。 例如: by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 seat oneself 就座 make oneself understood 让别人懂得自己的意思 四、 常见不定代词的用法讲解 1. some和any asome常用于肯定句,any多用于否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句,两
16、者都可以代替可数或不可数名词。 例如: Some say yes and some say no. 有的人说是,有的人说不是。 I dont like any of them. 我对他们一个也不喜欢。 Does any of them know this? 他们当中有谁知道吗? b在委婉语气疑问句中的不定代词要用some,不用any。 例如: Would you like some of the tickets? 你想要些票吗? c在强调“任何一个”意思的时候,any也可用于肯定句。 例如: You can take any of the newspapers here. 你可以拿这儿任何一份
17、报纸。 2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别1)用作形容词:表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词a few虽少,但有几个few不多,几乎没有用于不可数名词a little,虽少,但有一点little不多,没有什么 Im going to buy a few apples. He can speak only a little Chinese. There is only a little milk in the glass. He has few friends. They had little money with them. 2)a little和littl
18、e也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。 Im a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.3. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。用 法代词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人,其他人another (boy)另一个(男孩)
19、other (boys)其他男孩特定the other另一个the others其余那些人、物the other (boy)另一个男孩the other (boys)其余那些男孩1)other也可以用作代词,与冠词the连用构成“the other”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ., the other .”句型。 He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the
20、other. 2)other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“其他的一些人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ., others .”句型。 Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 3)“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他所有的人或物”。 We got home by 4 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock. In our class on
21、ly Tom is English, the others are Chinese.4)another可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, cant you? Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 5)another也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”。 Im still hungry after Ive had this cake. Please give me another.4.
22、 every与each的区别。eachEvery1)可单独使用1)不可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”,毫无例外4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物 The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour. 当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时,我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时,我们想到的是全体的情况,every的意思与all接
23、近,表示他们都如此。 Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.5. all和both的用法。both表示两者都,而all表示三者或三者以上,both和all用于助动词之后,实义动词之前Both Jim and Tom are students. Jim and Tom are both students. Both of them are students.They
24、 all come from Australia. They are all from Australia. All of them are students.all the students = all of the students all of us = we all6、either(两者任一)与neither(两者无一),either of, neither of后谓语动词常用单数形式Do you know either of the two ladies?-Are the two answers right?-No, neither is right. Neither he nor
25、I am right.either of neither of五、相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中,each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语,定语。作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式。 We should learn from each other / one another. (作宾语) Do you often write to each other / one another? (作宾语) We often borrow each others / one an
26、others books. (作定语)六、 疑问代词疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如:Who is going to come here tomorrow? (作主语)What is that? (作表语)Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)七、关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾
27、语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如:I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photo which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?四、数词 专心-专注-专业表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词可分为基数词和序数词两类。(一)基数词
28、 基数词用来表示数目,或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。最基本的基数词如下表所示。 1 one 11 eleven 100 a hundred 2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand 3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1,000,000 a million 4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty 10,000,000 ten million 5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty 100,000,000 a hundred million 6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty 1,000
29、,000,000 a billion 7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy 8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty 9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety 10 ten 说明: 1101999的基数词先写百位数,后加and再写十位数和个位数。如: 691 six hundred and ninety-one。 21000以上的基数词先写千位数,后写百位数,再加and,最后写十位数和个位数。 如:5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单
30、位词,没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词,而是用thousand(千)和million(百万)来表达,其换算关系为:1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。 (二)、基数词的用法 1表示单位的基数词(hundred, thousand, million, billion)不能在词尾加-s。 例如: two hundred students 二百个学生 five thousand years 五千年 2基数词的复数形式表示大量的数目,在这种情况下,表示单位的基数词词尾加-s,要与of短语连用。 3基数词在句中
31、的作用 基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词,它在句子中可充当主语,宾语,表语和定语。 例如: Three and five is eight. 3+5=8 主语 表语 How many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子? I want eight. 我要八个。 宾语 There are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。 定语 (三)序数词的用法表示顺序的词,叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外,序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。 请见下表: 第一到第十 第十一到第十九 第二十以上 first eleventh twentie
32、th second twelfth thirtieth third thirteenth fortieth fourth fourteenth fiftieth fifth fifteenth sixtieth sixth sixteenth seventieth seventh seventeenth eightieth eighth eighteenth ninetieth ninth nineteenth hundredth tenth thousandth 1序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。 例如: 第一:(the) first=1 st 第二:(the) second=
33、2 nd 第三:(the) third=3 rd 第五:(the) fifth=5th第九十七:(the) ninety-seventh=97 th 第一百零一:(the) one hundred (and)first=101st2编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序,但是基数词要后置。 例如: 第一课:Lesson One 第三十二页:Page 32 第305房间:Room 305 第12路公共汽车:Bus No.12 3. 序数词和基数词一样,也能起名词或形容词作用,在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。 例如: The first is bigger than the second. 第一个比第二
34、个大。 主语 Give me the first. 把第一个给我。 宾语 Shes often the first to go to school. 她经常第一个去上学。 表语 Were going to learn the eighth lesson. 我们将要学习第八课。 定语 (四)六、年、月、日和时间的表达法 1年份用基数词表达,分两位一读,年份前用介词in。 例如: 1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one 2月份的第一个字母要大写,有些月份名称有缩写形式。 例如: 一月January(
35、Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月(Apr.),五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.),九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。 3日期的表达要用序数词,读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。 例如: 在6月1日:on June 1 st 读作:on June the first. 年、月、日同时表达时,一般应先写月、日、后写年。 例如: 在2001年5月4日:on May 4 th, 2001。 4
36、年代用基数词的复数表示。 例如: 20世纪90年代:nineteen nineties 21世纪20年代:twenty twenties 5时间表达法:时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。 例如: 顺读法 倒读法 5:00 five (oclock) 6:18 six eighteen = eighteen past six 12:15 twelve fifteen = fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4:30 four thirty = half past four 5:50 five fifty = ten to six 6:45 six forty-fiv
37、e = a quarter to seven 注意: 1)表示整点时间,直接用基数词表达,后边可接oclock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时,绝不能用oclock。 2)表达“15分”或“45分”时,常用quarter(刻)。 3)在倒读法中,如果钟点不过半,须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式;如果钟点过半,则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点(下个钟点数)”的形式。 例如: 8:20 twenty past eight 8:40 twenty to nine 6.分数分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分母用复数1/2 one half or a half1/4 one four
38、th or a quarter4/5 four fifths6 5/9 six and five ninths 五、形容词(adj) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用 副词(adv) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子1. 形容词的用法 (1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如: Our country is a beautiful country. (作定语) The fish went bad. (作表语)We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作宾语补足语)(2) 形容词修饰something, any
39、thing, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在不定代词后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film. (3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small. (4) th
40、e形容词表示一类人或物 The rich should help the poor.2. 副词的用法(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. (作状语)Life here is full of joy. (作定语) When will you be back? (作表语) 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类:1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually
41、, always等。例如:He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He has never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如:I met an old friend of mine on
42、my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的,其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone,
43、high, straight, wide等。例如:The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词,有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如:Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有:ho