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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 短文填空解题技巧(适合陕西学生)一、解题基本步骤(一)判断所给词性,进行归类。 (二)复读短文,判断此空所填词性。(三)确定所填词位置的句子语义,选择最恰当的即可 内容:上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章。 语法:语法结构是否正确无误。二、 句子的类型1、句子按其结构可分为以下几种类型。 (一)简单句,由一个主语(并列主语)和一个谓语(并列谓语)构成的句子。(一)并列句,由并列连词(and,so,but,or等)把两个以上的简单句连一起而构成的句子。(一)复合句,由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。2、简单句的五种基本类型。(一)主语+谓语(S+V),eg:
2、We exercise(不及物动词)。(二)主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O),eg:I like bananas。(三)主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P),eg:They are students。(四)主语+谓语+双宾(S+V+IO+DO),eg:She give me a pen。(五)主语+谓语+宾+宾补(S+V+O+OC),eg:He made the boy laugh。3、判断一个句子的成分(一)主干先行,废话后置(比较复杂的定语和状语)。(二)主语为从句子开头的第一个名词或者代词,谓语为主句中的动词,宾语为动词后的名词或者代词。三、考察知识点(一)形容词:考察比较级,形容词和副词相互
3、转化。1.比较从句 than, as 形容词、副词比较级的规则变化如下:(1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词如果以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later(2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier(4)双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如:beautiful - more beautiful, careful -
4、 more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting(5) 有些不规则变化的,须逐一加以记忆。如:good/well better, bad/ill worse, many/much more, far farther/further, old older/elder2. 形容词和副词相互转化(1).普通的+ly: 如quickquickly; slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly(2)以辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i后再加ly: easy-easily, happy
5、-happily, busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily; heavy-heavily; (3) 一个l结尾的还加ly:careful-carefully ;beautiful-beatifully, ;real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully; hopeful-hopefully(4) 两个l结尾的只加y:full-fully(5) 普通以e结尾的+ly:late-lately;accurateaccurately ,grave-gravely; polite-politely; immedi
6、ate-immediately, extreme-extremely; nice-nicely; wide-widely; closeclosely ;unfortunateunfortunately; wise-wisely; rarely ; relatively; absolutely; completely; rude-rudely(6). 以le结尾的去e加y:如possible-possibly; probable-probably, terrible-terribly, gentle-gently, sensible-sensibly; simple-simply; consid
7、erable-considerably; terrible-terribly;comfortable-comfortably; gentle-gently; possible-possibly; probable-probably; incredible-incredibly(7). 以元音字母+e结尾的去e+ly : true-truly, (8). 以ic 结尾的词,加ally,如:economic-economically; basic-basically; scientific-scientifically; automatic-automatically; energetic-ene
8、rgetically 需注意: friendly; motherly; lovely,likely,等词是形容词而非副词。(二)名词:考察单复数,所有格。表示某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。强调:不可数名词都默认为单数,所以总是用is或者was;最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断,以免受误导。1)可数名词如何变“复数形式”:a一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 。b以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-bru
9、shes, watch-watches 。c以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries。d以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves。e以“o”结尾的词,一般直接加s,mango除外:mango-mangoes。F.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-chi
10、ldren, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese2) 不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice3) 名词变形容词的方法 1. 在名词后面加-y (尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)。rainrainy, cloudcloudy, windwindy, snowsnowy, healthhealthy
11、, lucklucky2.一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful。carecareful, thankthankful, helphelpful, useuseful, beautybeautiful3. 一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表示国籍、语言的形容词。例如:ChinaChinese, JapanJapanese, EnglandEnglish, AmericaAmerican, IndiaIndian, Australia Australian(注意CanadaCanadian)。 4.在名词后加-ous变为形容词。例如:dangerdangerous等。 5. 在
12、名词后加-ly变为形容词。例如:friendfriendly, lovelovely6.在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词。carecareless,useuseless,hopehopeless,homehomeless7. 一些以-ence结尾的名词,把ence改为ent变成形容词。例如:differencedifferent, silencesilent等。 4)名词所有格,定义:名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系的一种形式,名词所有格的构成包括s所有格、of 所有格和双重所有格。(1)-s所有格的构成方法一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -s: c
13、hildrens books 儿童图书todays paper 今天的报纸 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(): girls school 女子学校the Smiths car 史密斯家的小汽车 注:带词尾s的单数名词,通常仍加s: the bosss plan 老板的计划the hostesss worry 女主人的担心 带词尾s的人名,可加s 或只加省字撇(): Dickens novels 狄更斯的小说Charless job 查理斯的工作 不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者,一律加s: Marxs works 马克思的著作Georges room 乔治的房间 注意:(考点)如果一个事物为两个人或
14、两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词的末尾加s。E.g. This is John, Jack and Toms room. E.g. Mr. Green is Jim and Kates father. 表示某人的家,店铺的所有格,一般可以省略它所修饰的名词。 the Greens 格林家 the barbers 理发店 at the tailors 在裁缝店 at the doctors 在医院the Smith 史密斯这个人 the Smiths史密斯一家人the Smiths史密斯的家(住处) the Smiths史密斯一家人的家(住处)s 所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示无生命
15、的东西,如:时间,自然现象,国家,城市等实体,度量衡以及价值等。例: five minutes walk 五分钟步行的路程 todays newspaper 今天的报纸 thirty dollars value 30美元的价值 Chinas capital 注:一个七岁的女孩 a seven-year-old girl a seven years old girl a girl of seven a girl of seven years 一百米的赛跑 100-meter race 100 meters race用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列连
16、词后加-s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s: Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间 Tom and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间 用于某些固定表达中: a stones throw 一箭之遥at ones wits end 黔驴技穷 at arms length 以一臂之距out of harms way 在完全的地方(2)、of 所有格 表示无生命的名词的所有格,一般用of 所有格。如:the legs of the chair 椅子的腿 the cover of the book 书的封面(3)、双重所有格双重所有格,即两种形式
17、结合在一起应用“of +名词s”。如:the books of the librarys图书馆的书a photo of Jim a photo of Jims (4) -s 所有格与of 所有格的用法比较(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如: Mr Smiths son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子 Jims patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心 the Queens arrival = the arrival of the Queen 女王的到达 (2)
18、 必须用 s 所有格的情形: 表类别时:mens shoes 男鞋,childrens stories 儿童故事 表来源时:Johns telegram 约翰的电报 当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时:Marys husband, a policeman, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察,刚刚来过这儿。 (3) 必须用of 所有格的情形: 用于无生命的事物时:the subject of the sentence 句子主语 表同位关系时:the City of Beijing 北京市 当中心词是名词化的名词时:the life of the poor 穷人的生活 当of
19、 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时:Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。名词所有格【经典例题】1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange,
20、 orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s,因此选
21、A。4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chi
22、cken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher,two bus drivers 等. 应选C。7. She ha
23、s been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter
24、D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experien
25、ce C. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。12. A group of _
26、are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.(三) 动词:考察语态和时态,非谓语。1.动词时态一般现在时动词原形或单三一般过去时Ved一般将来时Will doIs going to do现在完成时Have /has done过去完成时Had done现在完成进行时Have/has been
27、 doing过去进行时Was/were doing现在进行时Be ving将来进行时Will be doing1、动词填写:第一、看整体时态,第二、看时间词,第三、看动词与介词搭配,第四、看句子的意思。2、语态Be done,把语态放到对应的时态中就有六种语态。3、非谓语(1) V-ing (2) Done非谓语如何判断:(1) 先看主谓宾,定状补。(2) 看一个句子中的动词形式。只有一个谓语动词(切记)这里特指主句中的谓语动词。其他的为非谓语形式。(3) 如何变非谓语:看他与对应名词的关系,主动为ved,被动为ving。4、 动词变名词。5、初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表 (1)AAA
28、型(动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形)cost(花费) cost cost shut(关) shut shutcut(割)cutcut spit(吐痰) spit spithit(打)hit hit hurt伤害) hurt hurt let(让) let let put(放) put putread(读) read read(2)AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形)beat(跳动) beat beaten(3)ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形)become(变成)became become awake(叫醒) awoke awokencome(来) came come run(跑) ran run
29、(4)ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形)dig(挖) dug dug build built builtget(得到) got got/gottencatch caught caughthang(吊死)hanged hanged deal dealt dealthang(悬挂)hung hung feed fed fed hold(抓住) held held find found foundshine(照耀)shoneshone forbid forbade/forbad forbiddensit(坐) sat sat pay paid paidwin(赢) won won send sent
30、sentmeet(遇见)met met shoot shot shotkeep(保持)kept kept tell told toldsleep(睡)slept slept win won wonsweep(扫)swept swept feel(感觉) felt feltsmell(闻)smelt/smelled smelt/ smelledleave(离开)left left build(建设) built builtlend(借出)lent lent send(传送)sent sentspend(花费)spent spent lose(丢失) lost lostburn(燃烧)burnt
31、burnt learn(学习) learnt learntmean(意思是)meant meant catch(抓住) caught caughtteach(教)taught taught bring(带来) brought broughtfight(战斗)fought fought buy(买) bought boughtthink(想)thought thought hear(听见) heard heardsell(卖) sold sold tell(告诉) told toldsay(说) said said find(找到) found foundhave/has(有)had had m
32、ake(制造) made madestand(站)stood stoodunderstand明白 understood understood(5)ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形)begin(开始)began begun take(取) took takendrink(喝) drank drunk mistake(弄错)mistook mistakenring(铃响) rang rung ride(骑) rode riddensing(唱) sang sung do(做) did doneswim(游泳)swam swum write(写) wrote writtenblow(吹
33、) blew blown go(去) went gonedraw(画) drew drawn lie(平躺) lay lainfly(飞) flew flownsee(看见) saw seengrow(生长)grew grown wear(穿) wore wornknow(知道)knew known be(am,is,are)(是)was,werebeenthrow(投掷)threw thrown show(出示) showed shownbreak(打破)broke broken choose(选择)chose chosenforget(忘记)forgot forgotten(forgot)
34、 bear(容忍) bore borne/bornspeak(说,讲)spokes poken draw drew drawnwake(醒) woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreameddrive(驾驶)drove driven hide hid hiddeneat(吃) ate eaten lay laid laid 放置fall(落下) fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎give(给) gave given lie lay lain 躺rise(升高)rose risen see saw seen shake sho
35、ok shaken steal stole stolenlcan-could may-might will-would shall-should must-must6、动词变名词小结(1).在词尾加er,r ,双写加er 或or:A. play _ player, sing _ singer, wait _ waiter , find _ finder,B. write _ writer, drive _ driver, come _ comer, explore _ explorerC. run _ runner, win _ winner, rob _ robber, traval _ t
36、ravallerD. visit _ visitor, invent _ inventor(2). 在词尾加ing:build _ building, draw _ drawing, end _ ending, begin _ beginning,(3).在词尾加ion 或去e加ion:A. decide _ decision, describe _ description, produce _ production,celebrate _ celebration,pronounce _ pronunciation, decorate _ decorationB. discuss _ disc
37、ussion, invent _ invention, attract _ attractionimpress _ impression,inject _ injection,instruct _ instruction(4).其它:know _ knowledge, please _ pleasure, enjoy _ enjoyment,practise _ practice, die _ death, succeed _ success, weigh _ weight,sit _ seat, change _ chance,enter _ entrance,fly _ flight,ro
38、b _ robbery, discover _ discovery,faile _ failure,appear _ appearance, breathe _ breath 7、动词加ing规则:(1).一般动词直接加ing,如:singsinging, laughlaughing, helphelping, saysaying, drawdrawing, sleepsleeping, 等等;(2).以不发音的e 结尾的动词,去e加ing。如:havehaving,makemaking, writewriting, skateskating, dancedancing, loveloving
39、,等等;但dyedyeing,(是为了区别diedying的原因);以ee结尾的词不受此限制:seeseeing, agreeagreeing,等等。(3).以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这一辅音字母,再加ing。(注,字母y, w 不双写)。如:sitsitting, putputting, runrunning, ridridding, skimskimming, swimswimming, stopstopping, shopshopping, referreferring, forgetforgetting, regretregretting,等等。另外, 以-l结尾的双音节词及少数其他词,在英国英语中常双写,而在美国英语中则不常双写。如:traveltravelling/traveling, equalequalling/equaling, quarrelquarrelling/quarreling, worshipworshipping/worshiping,做礼拜;崇敬;词尾是x时不双写:boxboxing把装箱/盒;(4).以ie为结尾