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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初高中英语衔接导学案第二节 句子的成分和基本句型（二课时）句子成分：组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分为：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语。一、主语表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。例如:Lily likes her new bike.(名词) 莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。He gets up early every day.(代词) 他每天都起得很早。To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短语）学好英语不容易。二、谓语说明主语
2、“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语用动词充当。例如：We work hard.我们努力工作。The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。He is my father. 他是我父亲。They all look fine. 他们都很好。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.三、宾语宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：Tom bought a story-b
3、ook.（名词）汤姆买了一本故事书。I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。直接宾语和间接宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。间接宾语 直接宾语 Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。间接宾语 直接宾语四、表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名
4、词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：My sister is a nurse.（名词）我的姐姐是一名护士。They were at home.（介词短语）他们在家里。She got angry. （形容词）她生气了。Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（数词）她的祖父八十多岁了。五、定语定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：This is a green cup.（形容词）这是一个绿色的杯子。Are these students your classmat
5、es? （代词）这些学生是你班的吗？Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）冬天是一年中最冷的季节。I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告诉你。The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。六、状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：You are
6、 quite right .（副词） 你非常正确。Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike. (介词短语) 吴老师骑自行车上学校。She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介词短语）她将于星期一到达北京。He stopped to have a look. （不定式短语）他停下来看了看。七、宾语补足语有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。例如：We call her Xiao Li. 宾语 宾语补足语You must keep the room clean and tidy. 宾语
7、宾语补足语John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 宾语 宾语补足语I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 宾语 宾语补足语We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. 宾语 宾语补足语句子成分巧记歌诀 主谓宾表定状补， 七种成分记清楚。 句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。 定语修饰主宾表， 宾语之后常有补。 主谓人称数一致， 状语位置最灵活。Exercises:指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。1We all study hard at En
8、glish.A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语2Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语3My brother is a policeman. A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语4Were you at home last night? A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语5Winter is the coldest season of the year. A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语6He often walks in the park. A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语7Mary as
9、ked me to help her yesterday.A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语8He bought me a nice present last week. A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补9His parents are doctors.A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语10Ill get you some tea now.A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补11My mother told us an interesting story last night.A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补12He has read the bo
10、ok twice.A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语13They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语14Do you have something to eat ?A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补15We made him our monitor.A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补简单句的基本句型： 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。根据句子的基本结构，简单句分为5种基本句型：1SV;（主语 不及物动词）I can swim. 我会游泳。主语 谓语（不及物动词
11、）Everything changes. 万物都在变。主语 谓语The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。 主语 谓语2SVO;（主语及物动词宾语）I like English. 我喜欢英语。主语 谓语 宾语They are reading books . 他们在看书。主语. 谓语 宾语He bought a computer last week. 他上周买了台电脑。主语 谓语 宾语3SVP;（主语连系动词表语）My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。主语 谓语 表语She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。主语 谓语 表
12、语The food tastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。主语 谓语 表语4SVIODO;（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语）My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语Will you tell us something about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语5SVOOc;（主
13、语及物动词宾语补语） We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible. 我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。系词之后接
14、表语，不及物后无需连。及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。Exercises:指出下列句子的基本类型1They are listening.2My mother is fifty now.3I have bought three books.4My friend gave me a birthday present.5I painted the wall white.6The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.7They arrived at six oclock.8The map is on
15、the wall9Children often sing this song.10Mr Wu teaches us English.11She showed her friends all her pictures.12I find him a lovely boy.请朗读以下句子，划分下列句子的成分，并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.3. We should e
16、ncourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.4. The new rule came out.5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.6. They can stop using plastic bags.7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.8. Shops dont offer free plastic bags to their consumers.9. Hong Kong a
17、nd Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.10. Chinese consumers have gotten used to free plastic shopping bags.第三节 简单句的种类（二课时）按照句子的功能，简单句可分为4类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，和感叹句。一、陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法。1肯定式：主语谓语I came here last night. 我是昨晚到这儿的。The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。We have many fr
18、iends. 我们有很多朋友。Zhang Hong likes dancing. 张红喜欢跳舞。2否定式：如果句子的谓语动词是behave或有助动词和情态动词，在它们之后加not构成否定式。China is not a developed country. 中国不是一个发达国家。He hasnt been to Hangzhou. 他没去过杭州。We cant live without air. 没有空气，我们就不能生存。They will not (wont) go there. 他们将不去那里。如果句子的谓语是行为动词，而又没有助动词或情态动词时，在谓语动词前加助动词do(第三人称单数用d
19、oes，过去式用did)再加not构成否定式。I dont want to go. 他不想去。He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。She didnt go to the party last night. 昨晚她没有去参加晚会。二、 疑问句英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。1. 一般疑问句用yes或no来回答的疑问句。Are you from England? 你是英格兰人吗？Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗？Will you be free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗？2. 特殊疑问句用疑问代词或疑问副词提
20、问的句子，不用yes或no回答。Whose bike is the newest? 谁的自行车最新？Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语？Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁？When will the meeting begin? 会议将在什么时候开始？Why didnt you tell me earlier? 你为什么不早点告诉我呢？3. 选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上的情况让对方选择。选择疑问句由“一般疑问句or一般疑问句”构成，其中后一个问句中与前一个句中的相同部分被省略。不用yes或no回答，要用完整的句子回答。Is Kates hai
21、r long or short? Its long. 凯特的头发是长还是短？ 是长的。Shall we go by bus or walk? By bus. 我们是乘车去还是步行呢？ 乘车去4. 反意疑问句前一部分陈述一件事实，后一部分对前面的陈述提出相反的疑问。即前一部分如果是肯定结构，后一部分用否定结构;如果前一部分是否定结构，后一部分用肯定结构。You are from England, arent you? 你是英格兰人，对吗？He can swim, cant he ? 他会游泳，对吗？Jim will go to England, wont he? 吉姆将去英国，是吗？Tom te
22、lls you about it, doesnt he? 汤姆告诉你那件事的，对吗？Jenny didnt come to school yesterday, did she? 珍妮昨天没来上学，对吗？They havent been to the Great Wall, have they? 他们没有去过万里长城，是吗？Its not very cold today, is it? 今天天气不很冷， 是吗？Exercises:1. The teacher had a word with you,_?A. didnt he B. hadnt he C. didnt have he D. did
23、 not he2. You wont take back what you said,_?A. didnt you B. will you C. arent you D. were you3. Lets go to watch the football match,_?A. do we B. dont we C. shall we D. will you 4. Your family has no colour TV set,_?A. hasnt it B. doesnt it C. is it D. does it5. Miss Liu doesnt like dancing, does s
24、he? -_A. No, she does B. No, she do C. Yes, she does D. Yes, she is 6. Theres something wrong with the radio, _? A. hasnt there B. doesnt there C. isnt there D. is there三祈使句表示命令，请求或建议，主语通常省略说话对象是第二人称时，主语you一般省略。肯定式：谓语是动词原形（+宾语）否定式:Dont/Never+动词原形+例如：Be quiet，please. 请安静Please come in. 请进Dont be afra
25、id. 别害怕说话对象式第一第三人称时，用“Let+宾语+动词原形”，否定式用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形”，也可以“Dont +let +宾语+动词原形”。例如：Lets go to school. 我们去上学吧Let him not come in.=Dont let him come in. 别让他进来四感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情感叹句有what和how开头的两种形式。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，句末用感叹号。例如：1What+（a）+名词！What fun！多么有趣What+（a）+形容词+名词主语+谓语！What a beautiful picture it
26、 is！这是多么美的一幅画啊！口语中，常省略主语和谓语。例如：What a good idea！多好的主意啊！2How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！How interesting the film is！这电影真有趣！3How+主语+谓语！How she works！她工作多努力啊！How I wanted to see you！我多么想见到你啊！Exercises:1_clever boy he is!A. How B. What C. How a D. What a2_beautiful the Daming Lake looks!A. What a B. How C. What D. Ho
27、w a3_ wonderful film it is !A. What B. How C. What a D. So4_ happy life we are living today !A. What B. What a C. How D. How a5_all these dustmen are working!A. How hard B. What hard C. How hardly D. What hardlyExercises:指出下列句子的种类。1. Im from London.2. Dont speak to me now.3. Lucy likes bananas.4. Do
28、 you like cooking?5. What about you？6Is it Lucy or Lily？7. Nice to meet you!8. This way, please.9. He doesnt work on a farm.10. What a fine day it is! 第四节 动词的时态（三课时）动词时态时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。处理时态问题首先要把握各种动词时态所表达的时间概念，注意捕捉决定时
29、态的信息。如：表示时间的副词、短语和从句。有时还要通过上下文的时间关系以及题目设置的语境去挖掘隐藏信息。形式时间一般进行完成现在dodoesamis doingarehave donehas过去didwasdoingwerehad done将来Shalldowillwill be doingshall have donewill过去将来Shoulddowouldwould be doing（一）一般现在时1通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every five minutes, o
30、n Sundays等时间状语连用。She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。The old man goes to park every morning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。2表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。3表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。The train starts at seven in the morning. 火车早上七点出发。4在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。Ill go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你
31、明天有空，我就会和你一起去。（二）一般过去时1一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用。I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。They began to work two months ago. 两个月前他们开始工作。2一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。He wrote a novel. 他写了一部小说。I
32、 didnt expect you were waiting for us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。3used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。He used to get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）He will be used to getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。（三）一般将来时1、
33、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八岁了。He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去机场接她。2、一般将来时的其它表示形式（1）一般现在时表将来按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。The new library opens next month. 新图书馆下月开放。The plane
34、takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飞机于下午三点起飞。在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。If you leave tomorrow , Ill see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到机场送你。When she comes, Ill tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。（2）现在进行时表将来现在进行时表示将来，往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也称为位移性动词，其进行时表示马上要
35、做某事。Im taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个周日我将带孩子们去动物园。He is leaving school in one years time.他一年后就要毕业了。（3）be to do sth结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。The president is to visit Japan in May.主席将于五月访问日本。Im to get married next year. 我明年结婚。（4）be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事，马上要做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作即将发生（不
36、跟表将来的时间状语连用）。We are about to discuss this problem.我们将马上讨论这个问题。They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要离开时电话响了。3、will和be going to的区别。（1）will多表示带意愿色彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事，也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。I will stay with you and help you. 我会和你一起并且帮助你。You have left the light on. 你还开着灯呢。 Oh, so I have. I will go
37、and turn it off. 哦，确实是的。我马上去关掉它。（2）be going to常用于口语中，主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。Theres going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一场英文电影。Look at those clouds. Its going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。（四）现在完成时1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet等副词连用。I have just f
38、inished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。He has been to Germany. 他去过德国。2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。I have known him for three years. 我认识他三年了。He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。【注意】（1）因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。M
39、y sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。My sister has married. Dont disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/.time that.句型里，从句要用现在完成时。This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。（3）句型
40、It is/has been.since.所使用的两种时态都正确。It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。（五）过去完成时1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。When we got to the station, the train had left.2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。3、表示
41、思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本（但事与愿违）”。I had thought that he would win. 我原以为他能赢。We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。（六）现在进行时1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。Listen, someone is crying. 听，有人在哭。What are you doing these days? 这些天你们在干什么？2、有时，现在进行时也与always等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，用以表达说话人赞扬、讨厌等情绪。He is always a
42、sking the same question. 他总是问同一个问题。（厌烦）3、动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表将要发生的动作时也用现在进行时。They are leaving for Shanghai. 他们将动身去上海。4、状态动词be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于进行时。Do you know where he is? 你知
43、道他在哪儿吗？（七）过去进行时1、表示在过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在发生的动作。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲门的时候我正在洗头发。【辨析】现在完成时与一般过去时现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带，它强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，可能现在仍在那家医院工作。)他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (这只是讲述一个过去的事实，表示他现在已经不在那家医院了。)他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。Have you had your lunch? 你吃午饭了吗？What did you have for lunch? 你午饭吃的是什么？I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I we