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1、中学英语学问总结短语、词组和重点句型归纳 短语、词组归纳由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多;复习时应分类处理: 一、动词 +介词1. look at看, look like 看上去像,look after照管2. listen to听3. welcome to 欢迎到4. say hello to向问好5. speak to对说话此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必需带宾语,但宾语无论是名词仍是代词,都要放在介词之后;二、动词 +副词“动词 +副词”所构成的短语义分为两类: A动词( vt.) +副词1 put on穿上 2 take off脱下 3 write down登记此类短语可以带宾语,宾语如是
2、名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语如是人称代词, 只能放在副词的前面;B动词( vi ) +副词;1 come on 赶快 2 get up起床 3 go home 回家4 come in进来 5 sit down坐下 6 stand up起立此类短语属于不及物动词,不行以带宾语;三、其它类动词词组the door the same to work/class ill a look/seat supperyoung shopping TV/games10. play games 介词短语聚焦 “介词 +名词 / 代词” 所构成的短语称为介词短语;现将 Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类;
3、1. in+ 语言 / 颜色 / 衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着;2. in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在排/ 队/ 班级 / 年级”等;3. in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/表示“在上午 / 下午 / 傍晚”等一段时间;4. in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom等表示“在书桌 / 铅笔盒 / 卧房里”;5. in the tree表示“在树上 非树本身全部 ”; on the tree表示“在树上 为树本身全部 ”;6. in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表
4、示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”;7. at work(在工作) /at school(上学) /at home (在家)应留意此类短语中无the ;8. at +时刻表示钟点;9. like this/that表示方式,意为“像这/ 那样”;10. of 短语表示所属关系;11. behind/ beside/ near/ under+名词等,表示方位、处所;12. from 与 to 多表示方向,前者意为“从”,后者意为“到”;另外,以下这些短语也必需把握;如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in t
5、he sky, on one s bike等; 重点句型大回放1. I think 意为“我认为”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型;其否定式常用I don t think,2. give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth.意为“把给”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;如指物的宾语是人称代词时,就只能用give it/ them to sb.3. take sb./ sth. to意为“把 送 带到”,后常接地点,也可接人;4. One , the other /One is and one is意为“一个是;另一个是”,必需是两者中;5. Let sb.do
6、 sth.意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to 的动词不定式,其否定式为Don t let sb, do sth.,或 Let sb. not do sth.另外, Let s 与 Let us的含义不完全相同,前 者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,6. help sb. to do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮忙某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换.7. What about /How about意为“怎么样”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、看法、看法等; about 为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式;8. It s ti
7、me to do/ Its time for sth.意为“该做的时间了”,其中to 后须接原形动词, for后可接名词或 V-ing形式;9. like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜爱做某事”,前一种句型侧重详细的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,10. ask sb.nottodo sth.意为“让某人 不要 做某事”,其中ask sb. 后应接动词不定式,11. show sb. sth. / show sth. to do.意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点;12. introduce sb. to sb.意为“把某人介绍给另一人”
8、;introduce to sb.就是“向某人作介绍”; 重点短语快速复习 of各种各样的2. either or 或者或者,不是就是3. neither nor 既不也不4. Chinese tea without, anything in it中国清茶5. take a seat就坐6. home cooking家常做法7. be famous for因而闻名8. on ones way to在途中9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院10. at the end of在的终点,在的末尾11. wait for等待12. in time准时13. make one s
9、 way to往(艰巨地)走去14. just then正在那时15. first of all第一,第一16. go wrong走错路17. be/get lost迷路18. make a noise吵闹,喧哗19. get on上车20. get off下车21. stand in line站队22. waiting room候诊室,候车室23. at the head of在的前头24. laugh at嘲笑25. throw about乱丢,抛散26. in fact实际上27. at midnight在半夜28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得开心2
10、9. quarrel with sb.和某人吵架30. take ones temperature给某人体温31. have/get a pain in某处疼痛32. have a headache头痛33. as soon as 一就34. feel like doing sth.想要干某事35. stopfrom doing sth.阻挡干某事36. fall asleep入睡37. again and again一再地,反复地38. wake up醒来,叫醒39. instead of代替40. look over检查41. take exercise运动42. had betterno
11、t do sth.最好(不要)干某事43. at the weekend在周末44. on time按时45. out of从向外46. all by oneself独立,单独47. lots of=a lot of很多48. no longer/more=not any longer/more不再49. get back回来,取回50. sooner or later迟早51. run away逃跑52. eat up吃光,吃完53. run after追逐54. take sth. with sb.某人随身带着某物55. takegood care of=look afterwell(好好
12、)照管,照管56. think of考虑到,想起57. keep a diary坚持写日记58. leave one by oneself把某人单独留下59. harder and harder越来越厉害60. turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气等)61. turn off关 重温重点句型 1. So + be 助动词情牵动词主语前面陈述的确定情形也适于另一人(物) 时,常用到这种倒装结构,表示“另一人 (物) 也如此; ” 前面陈述的否定情形也适于另一人(物)时,常用“Neither/ Nor + be助动词情态动词+ 主语”这种倒装结构;留意:“ So+主语 +be助动词情态动词 ”这
13、一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步确定对方的看法, 表示“的确如此;”“是呀;”2. Turn right left at the first second crossing.这一指路的句型意为“在第一二个十字路口向右左拐;”相当于Take the firstsecond turning on theright left.3. It takes sb some time to do sth此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间;”其中的it是形式主语,后面的动词不定式(短语) 才是真正的主语 .4. think find + it + adj. + to do sth.此句型中的 it是形式宾语,不行用
14、其它代词替代,形容词作宾语的补足语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的宾语;5. What s wrong with此句型相当于What s the matter/ trouble with后跟某物作宾语时,意为“某物出什么毛病了”后跟某人作宾语时,意为“某人怎么了”6. too to 在 so that 复合句中, that后的句子是否定句时,常与简洁句 too to (太而不能)进行句型转换;在 so that 复合句中, that后的句子是确定句时,常与简洁句enough to 进行句型转换 .7. Sorry to hear that.全句应为 I m sorry to hear th
15、at.意为“听到此事我很伤心(遗憾);”常用于对别人的不幸表示怜悯、遗憾之意; 重点句型、词组大盘点1. She used to be a Chinese teacher.她过去是一位汉语老师; 用法 used to +动词原形,表示过去常常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之意; 搭配 used to do的否定式可以是usedn t to do或 didn t use to do. 比较 used to do sth.过去常做某事; be/ get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事; be used to do sth.被用来做某事;2. return it soone
16、r or later.迟早要将它归仍; 用法 lsooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”;2return此处用作及物动词,意为“归仍”,相当于give back. 拓展 return仍可用作不及物动词,意为“返回”,相当于go back或 come back ;matter what the weather is like无论天气 用法 no matter what相当于 whatever ,其意为“无论什么”,引导状语从句; 拓展 类似 no matter what的表达方式仍有:no matter when无论什么时候nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter wher
17、e无论什么地方no matter who无论谁no matter how无论怎么样4. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green.一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语; 用法 practise doing sth.表示“实践、练习(做)某事”; 拓展 practice名词,“实践”、“实施”、“练习”;put a plan into practice实行某方案;5. He encouragedeveryoneto takepartinprotectingour lakes,rivers,seas and oceans.他勉励大家参与爱
18、护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动; 用法 1encourage用作动词,意思是“勉励”、“支持”;2) take part in“参与”,常表示参与活动;3) protect是动词,表示“防备”、“爱护”; 搭配 1encourage sb. in sth.在某事上勉励或支持某人nbsp;encourage sb. to do sth.勉励某人干某事 2protect sh. from sth.使某人不受某事侵袭或损害6. to warn people about sharks in the water.警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼; 用法 warn用作动词,意思是“警告”、“戒备”; 搭配 1war
19、n sb.+ that从句2) warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事3) warn sb. to do sth.警告某人做某事4) warn sb. againstdoing sth.警告某人当心某事 / 不要做某事中考英语高频考点错误分类详解在学习中学英语的过程中,同学们常会犯这样那样的错误,大多数同学认为这些错误纷繁复杂 ,无章可循 ,其实并非如此; 为便于系统复习,现将中考高频考点, 或者说把同学们常犯的错误进行分类详解,期望对大家能有所警示与启发;I. “蛇足”类错误例析 “蛇足”类错误就是“画蛇添足”,在句中显现一些原本没有或本应省略的成分;例 1.Though travel
20、ing by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money. 例 2.Because he was ill yesterday, so he didnt go to work. Because he was ill yesterday, he
21、 didn t go to work. He was ill yesterday, so he didn t go to work. 析用 though,but 表示“虽然,但是”或用 because,so表示“由于, 所以”时, though 和 but及 because 和 so 都只能择一而用,不能两者同时使用;例 3.More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003. ()More than threehundred peopledied inthe oilwellacc
22、identin Chongqingin 2003. 析 hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前有详细数词修饰用来表示“确数” 时,无论数词大小,hundred 等词都要用单数形式;例 4.My English teacher is a 38-years old man. My English teacher is a 38-year-old man. 析句中的 38-years-old是由数词、名词和形容词一起构成的复合形容词,在句中充当定语,修饰名词man;复合形容词作定语时,其中的名词要用单数形式,且各词之间要有连字符“ - ”;例 5.The Smi
23、ths have moved Beijing. The Smiths have moved to Beijing. 析不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时,要在动词之后加上适当的介词;但不及物动词后接 home, here, there等副词作宾语时,动词之后不必加任何介词;例 6.The box is too heavy for him to carry it. The box is too heavy for him to carry. 析 thebox 既是这句话的主语 ,也是不定式 tocarry的规律宾语,如句末再加上it , 就和 the box重复了;II. “主谓不一样”类错误例析
24、主谓不一样类错误指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不一样而形成的错误;例 1.Each of the boys have a pen. Each of the boys has a pen. 析复数名词前有表个体的each of, one of, every, either of等词组修饰,或有表否定的 neither of, none of等词组修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式;例 2.那是你心软!我不就是一个例子吗Neither he nor you is good at English. Neither he nor you are good at English. 析 either.
25、or., neither. nor., not only., but also.等词组连接句子的两个主语时, 谓语动词遵循 “就近一样原就” ,即由靠近谓语的那个主语打算谓语的人称 和数用何种形式;例 3.Two months are quite a long time. Two months is quite a long time. 析当时间、度量、距离、重量等名词作句子主语时,常将其看作一个整体,谓语动词要用单数形式;例 4.Ten minus three are seven. Ten minus three is seven. 析用英语表示加( plus )、减 minus 等数学运算
26、时,谓语动词也用单数形式;例 5.Watching TVtoo much are bad for your eyes. Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 析不定式、 v-ing形式充当句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式例 6.The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000. 析 the number of表示“的数量”,谓语动词用单数形式;a number of的意
27、思是“如干”或“很多”,相当于some 或 a lot of,和复数名词连用,谓语动词用复数形式;III. “词序”、“语序”类错误例析词序、语序类错误指的是单词或句子在排列次序上不正确,也表现为该用陈述语序的用了疑问句语序,或该用疑问句语序的用了陈述句语序等情形;例 1. Hello. I have important something to tell you.()Hello. I have something important to tell you. 析 形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时,修饰成分要置于不定代词之后;例 2. His son is enough old to g
28、o to school.()His son is old enough to go to school. 析 enough作形容词修饰名词时,可以放在名词前,也可放在名词后;作副词修饰形容词或副词时,只能放在形容词或副词之后;例 3. Here is your sweater, put away it.()Here is your sweater, put it away. 析 put away, pick up, put on等“动词 +副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时,代词只能放在动词和副词之间;例 4. I don t know where is he going.()I don t k
29、now where he is going. 析在含宾语从句的复合句中,从句要用陈述句语序; 例 5. Look. Here the bus comes.()Look. Here comes the bus.() 析在以 here,there引起的陈述句中, 如句子的主语是名词,要用倒装语序, 即用“ Here/There+ 动词 +名词”结构;但主语如是代词时,就不用倒装语序,即用“ Here/There +代词 +动词”结构;例 6. I do well in playing football,. 我妹妹也行; A. so my sister does()B. so does my sis
30、ter() 例 7. - Li Lei is really a football fan.-. 的确这样 .A. So is he()B. So he is() 析“ so+be 动词 / 助动词 +主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情形也适用于后者,意为“也是这样” ;“ so+主语 +be 动词 / 助动词” 的陈述结构表示对前述情形的确定,意为“ 的确如此”;IV. “规律”类错误例析规律类错误是指用英语表达某一思想时,犯了规律推理错误,导致句子语法成分不全, 句意表达上前后冲突等方面的失误;例 1.重庆比中国的其他城市都大;Chongqing is larger than any city
31、in China. Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. 析“ any city in China”包括了重庆这座城市,同一事物自己与自己不能做比较, 只有在 city前加上 other才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小;例 2.广州的天气比北京的天气更温和;The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing. The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . 析表示比较时, 句子中的两个比较对象必需一样,不同的比较对象不
32、能做比较;错误句的比较对象分别为the weather in Guangzhou和 Beijing,这两个不同类的事物之间不能做 比较;V. “受汉语思维方式影响”类错误例析受汉语影响类错误是指用英语表达某个意思时,受了汉语表达的影响而导致犯错;例 1. Mr Wu teaches our English. Mr Wu teaches us English. 析“ teach sb. sth.”句式中的sb. 和 sth.是 teach的双宾语,因此teach后的人称代词要用宾格,而不能受汉语影响使用形容词性物主代词;例 2. His sistermarried with a teacher
33、last summer.His sister married a teacher last summer. 析表达“ A 和 B 结婚”,要用 A married/willmarryB ;这时务必要防止受汉语影响使用 A married/will marry with B;例 3. There is going to have a film tonight. There is going to be a film tonight. 析一般将来时用在There be句式中时, be going to或 will之后的动词原形只能用 be, 也就是说要用 There is are going to
34、 be. / There will be.;例 4. I ll go hiking if it won t rain next Sunday. I ll go hiking if it doesn t rain next Sunday. 析习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,假如主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作;例 5. Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. Teachertoldus yesterdaythatthe earthgoes aroundth
35、e sun. 析习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态;但假如从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时,就不受主句时态的影响,而用一般现在时;例 6. All the balls are not round.翻译成汉语: 全部的球都不是圆的; 并不是全部的球都是圆的; 析 all, every, both等词和 not 连用时, not 通常放在 all, every, both的后面, 一般情形下表示部分否定,意为“并非都”;例 7. Do you know the way of the park Do you know the way to
36、 the park 析习惯上表示无生命名词的全部格常用“.of.”; 但表示“通往的路”要用“ the way to.” ,而不能用“ the way of.”;类似结构的词仍有the key to the lock 这把锁的钥匙 ,theanswer tothisquestion这个问题的答案,thetickettotheconcert 音乐会的票 等;例 8. - He didn t go to school yesterday, did he- , though he didnt feel very well.A. No, he didn t B. Yes, he did 例 9. -Dont you usually come to school by bike-. But I sometimes walk.A. No, I don t B. Yes, I do 析习惯上英语中的yes 意为“是的”, no 意为“不”,但在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句或否定疑问句中,yes 意为“不”, no 意为“是的”; 完