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1、 妊娠合并症妊娠合并症山东大学齐鲁医院山东大学齐鲁医院马玉燕马玉燕cardiac diseaseIncidenceThe 2nd cause leading to maternal death, the 1st indirect cause of maternal mortality. Overall incidence 14% In the past:rheumatic disease(风湿性心脏病)(风湿性心脏病)is predominant;Now: congenital disease(先天性心脏病)(先天性心脏病)Cardiocirculatory changesPrenatal p
2、eriodMaternal plasma volume(血容量)(血容量) increases 3545%Cardiac output(心输出量)(心输出量) increases 3050%, heart rate(心率)(心率) rises 1015 bpm, oxygen consumption(氧耗量)(氧耗量) increasesThe cardiac moves upward and outward,and presents slightly murmur,which puzzled the diagnosis(心脏移位,出现杂音)(心脏移位,出现杂音)Labor/delivery:
3、心脏负担最重的时期心脏负担最重的时期Uterine contractions cause a 20% increase in stroke output(心搏量)(心搏量)One uterine contraction may squeeze 250500ml blood into the circulation.In the 3rd stage, about 500 ml blood in the uterine vessels is squeezed into circulatePostpartum periodFluids are reabsorbed from tissue, whic
4、h cause blood volume increase temporarily and lead to a tendency of heart failure.ClassificationCongenital heart diseaseRheumatic heart diseaseCardiac disease induced by preeclampsiaPeripartum cardiomyopathmyocarditisMaternal riskPhysiological changes happened during pregnancy can aggravate underlyi
5、ng cardiac disease and lead to the associated morbidity and mortality.Three dangerous periods: 3234ws gestation,Labor/delivery,3 days after deliveryCongenital cardiac disease左向右分流型:左向右分流型:Atrial septal defect(房缺):(房缺):1cm2,可耐受妊娠和分娩,较大者,可出现右可耐受妊娠和分娩,较大者,可出现右向左分流,向左分流,2cm2者,应手术后妊娠者,应手术后妊娠Ventricular s
6、eptal defect(室缺):(室缺):1cm2/m2,能耐受妊娠和分娩,较大缺,能耐受妊娠和分娩,较大缺损常伴肺动脉高压,易出现右向左分流损常伴肺动脉高压,易出现右向左分流Patent ductus arteriosus(动脉导管未(动脉导管未闭):儿童期多已矫治,合并妊娠不多闭):儿童期多已矫治,合并妊娠不多见见右向左分流型:右向左分流型:for Fallots syndrome or Eisenmenger syndrome woman,pregnancy is forbidden, the maternal and fetal mortality is 3050%。无分流型:肺动脉
7、口狭窄、主动脉缩窄、无分流型:肺动脉口狭窄、主动脉缩窄、Marfan syndrome,母儿病率和死亡率均高,母儿病率和死亡率均高,应劝其避孕。应劝其避孕。Rheumatic diseaseMitral stenosis(二尖瓣狭窄):(二尖瓣狭窄):病变严重、病变严重、伴肺动脉高压者易发生肺水肿和心衰,应伴肺动脉高压者易发生肺水肿和心衰,应在妊娠前矫正在妊娠前矫正Mitral regurgitation(二尖瓣关闭不全):(二尖瓣关闭不全):一般能耐受妊娠一般能耐受妊娠Aortic stenosis and regurgitation(主动脉瓣(主动脉瓣关闭不全及狭窄关闭不全及狭窄):):关
8、闭不全者多可耐受关闭不全者多可耐受妊娠,狭窄严重者应手术后妊娠妊娠,狭窄严重者应手术后妊娠Cardiac disease induced by preeclampsiaDefinition:既往无心脏病症状的妊娠期既往无心脏病症状的妊娠期高血压孕妇,发生以左心衰为主的全心高血压孕妇,发生以左心衰为主的全心衰竭。衰竭。合并中重度贫血时更易发生合并中重度贫血时更易发生如及时诊断和处理,常能渡过妊娠及分如及时诊断和处理,常能渡过妊娠及分娩,产后病情缓解。娩,产后病情缓解。Peripartum cardiomypathyDefinition: 既往无心脏病史,在妊娠最后既往无心脏病史,在妊娠最后3个月
9、至产后个月至产后6个月内发生的扩张型心肌病个月内发生的扩张型心肌病Causes:不明,与妊娠和分娩关系密切不明,与妊娠和分娩关系密切Manifestation:主要表现为心衰症状,心脏主要表现为心衰症状,心脏增大,伴各种心律失常,死于心衰、肺梗增大,伴各种心律失常,死于心衰、肺梗死和心律失常死和心律失常再次妊娠可复发再次妊娠可复发病毒感染后病毒感染后13周内出现周内出现表现为表现为 各种心律失常,心肌酶升高,心各种心律失常,心肌酶升高,心肌受累严重者易发生心衰肌受累严重者易发生心衰病情控制好的急性心肌炎可在严密监护病情控制好的急性心肌炎可在严密监护下继续妊娠。下继续妊娠。myocarditis
10、Fetal risksSpontaneous abortion, preterm labor, fetal death, FGR/IUGR, high risk for fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia.Drugs toxicityHigh risk for fetal congenital heart diseaseDiagnosis of cardiac diseaseHistory of cardiac disease or rheumatic fever(风湿热(风湿热), presentation of abnormal cardiac fun
11、ction.Signs: cyanosis(紫绀)、(紫绀)、clubbed fingers(杵状指),持续颈静脉怒张。(杵状指),持续颈静脉怒张。Diastolic murmurs(舒张期杂音)(舒张期杂音) or rough systolic murmurs(收缩期杂音)(收缩期杂音)EKG:symptomatic and sustained arrhythmias(心律失常),(心律失常),ST段及段及T波波改变。改变。Echocardiogram(超声心动图)(超声心动图):显著的显著的心腔扩大及心脏结构异常心腔扩大及心脏结构异常。Heart functional classifica
12、tion (以(以主观功能量为依据主观功能量为依据).No limitation of physical activity.Slight limitation,ordinary activity result in fatigue,palpitation, dyspnea or anginal pain.Marked limitation,less-than-ordinary activity causes symptoms.Unable to carry on any activity, symptoms of cardiac insufficiency may be present, ev
13、en at rest.Heart functional classification (以(以客观检查手段为依据)客观检查手段为依据)Category A:no evidence of cardiovascular disease;Category B:slight cardiovascular diseaseCategory C:moderate diseaseCategory D:severe diseaseDiagnosis of early heart failureSlightly physical activity cause palpitation(心悸心悸), dyspnea(
14、气短)气短)or anginal pain(心前区疼痛心前区疼痛/胸闷胸闷)Heart rate110bpm, respiratory rate20/min during rest。夜间常因胸闷而坐起呼吸,或到窗口呼吸新鲜夜间常因胸闷而坐起呼吸,或到窗口呼吸新鲜空气。空气。肺底部出现少量持续性湿啰音,咳嗽后不消失。肺底部出现少量持续性湿啰音,咳嗽后不消失。Common complicationscardiac failure Infection:亚急性感染性心内膜亚急性感染性心内膜炎炎Hypoxia & cyanosis 缺氧和紫缺氧和紫绀绀Embolism:静脉、肺:静脉、肺Manageme
15、ntDetermination about tolerance of gestationAllow to gestation:心脏病变较轻,心功能心脏病变较轻,心功能-级,既往无心衰史,无其他并发症者级,既往无心衰史,无其他并发症者Not allow to gestation:心脏病变较重、心功心脏病变较重、心功能能级或级或级以上、既往心衰史、肺动级以上、既往心衰史、肺动脉高压、紫绀型先心病、严重心律失常、脉高压、紫绀型先心病、严重心律失常、活动风湿热、心脏病并发细菌性心内膜炎活动风湿热、心脏病并发细菌性心内膜炎者者Prenatal carePrepregancy counseling and
16、 evaluation Prenatal care periodicallyAdmission in 3638 gestational weeksTermination of gestation不宜妊娠者终止妊娠的时机不宜妊娠者终止妊娠的时机12wtherapeutic abortion1228w引产。引产。28w对顽固性心衰病例,严格监对顽固性心衰病例,严格监护下行剖宫护下行剖宫产术。产术。Prevention of cardiac failure adequate restnutrition, avoid body weight overgain:体体重增长重增长10kgavoid/ mi
17、nimize aggravation:贫血、维生贫血、维生素素B族缺乏、心律失常、感染、情绪激动族缺乏、心律失常、感染、情绪激动prenatal care intensivelyDrugs:不主张预防性应用洋地黄:不主张预防性应用洋地黄,常选常选用地高辛,不要求达到饱和量。用地高辛,不要求达到饱和量。Management of cardiac failureSame to nonpregnant woman早期心衰的孕妇,常选用地高辛,不要早期心衰的孕妇,常选用地高辛,不要求达到饱和量。求达到饱和量。晚期妊娠心衰,先控制心衰,适当放宽晚期妊娠心衰,先控制心衰,适当放宽剖宫产指征剖宫产指征严重心
18、衰,边控制心衰边紧急行剖宫产严重心衰,边控制心衰边紧急行剖宫产Labor/delivery提前选择适宜的分娩方式提前选择适宜的分娩方式Vaginal deliveryIndications:心功能:心功能III级,胎儿级,胎儿不大,胎位正常,宫颈条件良好不大,胎位正常,宫颈条件良好Intrapartum managementsAvoid mental and physical distressLabor in left lateral positionMonitor electrocardiogramContinuous fetal heart rate monitoringAssisted
19、delivery in second stageP r e v e n t i o n o f p o s t p a r t u m hemorrhageProphylactic antibioticsCesarean sectionIndications :胎儿偏大,产道条件不佳,:胎儿偏大,产道条件不佳,心功能在心功能在级及级及级以上者,应择期剖级以上者,应择期剖宫产。宫产。麻醉:连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉,麻醉剂中不麻醉:连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉,麻醉剂中不加肾上腺素,平面不宜过高。加肾上腺素,平面不宜过高。严格限制输液量和输液速度。严格限制输液量和输液速度。(不宜再妊娠者根据病情及术中情况在与不宜
20、再妊娠者根据病情及术中情况在与家属和患者沟通决定是否同时行输卵管结家属和患者沟通决定是否同时行输卵管结扎术。扎术。)PuerperiumAdequate rest and intensive monitoring Prophylactic antibioticsBreast feeding is not recommended for the cardiac failure womanIndications of cardiac surgery一般不主张在妊娠期手术一般不主张在妊娠期手术必须手术时,宜在妊娠必须手术时,宜在妊娠12周之前进周之前进行,手术前注意保胎及预防感染行,手术前注意保胎及
21、预防感染病例介绍病例介绍病史病史患者患者28岁,停经岁,停经38周,第周,第1胎第胎第1孕,现有孕,现有不规律腹痛,胎膜未破。自幼患先心不规律腹痛,胎膜未破。自幼患先心-室室间隔缺损。平时能胜任一般体力活动。间隔缺损。平时能胜任一般体力活动。近一周感乏力,轻微活动后心慌、呼吸近一周感乏力,轻微活动后心慌、呼吸困难,夜间有时憋醒,不能平卧。困难,夜间有时憋醒,不能平卧。查体查体HR110/min,R22/min,口唇粘膜轻度紫,口唇粘膜轻度紫绀,双肺底闻及少许湿罗音,第绀,双肺底闻及少许湿罗音,第3、4肋肋间闻及间闻及3-4级收缩期杂音。子宫大小符合级收缩期杂音。子宫大小符合停经周数,停经周数,
22、LOA,胎头半固定,胎心,胎头半固定,胎心140/min,有不规律宫缩。骨盆测量正常,有不规律宫缩。骨盆测量正常,宫口未开。超声估测胎儿体重宫口未开。超声估测胎儿体重3500g,超,超声心动图示室间隔肌部缺损声心动图示室间隔肌部缺损0.5cm,右室,右室增大,增大,ECG示窦性心动过速。示窦性心动过速。该病例的诊断是什么该病例的诊断是什么1 38周妊娠周妊娠G1P0,LOA 2.先天性心脏病先天性心脏病-室间隔缺损室间隔缺损3心功能心功能级级应如何处理应如何处理1.控制心衰控制心衰2.预防性应用抗菌素预防性应用抗菌素3.终止妊娠,以剖宫产为宜终止妊娠,以剖宫产为宜理由理由心衰,胎儿较大,胎头未
23、衔接,心衰,胎儿较大,胎头未衔接,宫口未开,有可能产程较长,易宫口未开,有可能产程较长,易再次发生心衰,为防止发生细菌再次发生心衰,为防止发生细菌性心内膜炎,应用抗菌素预防。性心内膜炎,应用抗菌素预防。如无心衰症状,规律宫缩,宫如无心衰症状,规律宫缩,宫口已开大口已开大3cm,应如何处理?,应如何处理?可在严密监护下经阴分娩。可在严密监护下经阴分娩。如产程中出现心功能不全,产程进如产程中出现心功能不全,产程进展缓慢,需行剖宫产结束分娩。展缓慢,需行剖宫产结束分娩。预防性应用抗菌素预防性应用抗菌素Viral hepatitisPhysiological changesMost of the li
24、vers functions are not affected by pregnancy.Some synthetic functions are altered.serum albumin fallsserum levels of Vit K dependent clotting factors and fibrinogen riseserum levels of CH, TG and lipoproteins riseGestations effects妊娠期易感染肝炎病毒,也使原有肝炎病情加妊娠期易感染肝炎病毒,也使原有肝炎病情加重。重。营养物质消耗增多,肝糖原储备降低营养物质消耗增多,
25、肝糖原储备降低多量雌激素、胎儿代谢产物需在肝脏代谢多量雌激素、胎儿代谢产物需在肝脏代谢并发症的影响:妊娠呕吐,妊娠期高血压疾病并发症的影响:妊娠呕吐,妊娠期高血压疾病分娩时体力消耗、缺氧,使酸性代谢物质产生分娩时体力消耗、缺氧,使酸性代谢物质产生增加增加Maternal risk早孕反应加重早孕反应加重preeclampsiaPostpartum hemorrhageMaternal mortalityFetal and neonatal riskFetal deformity、abortion、preterm labor、stillbirth and neonatal deathVertic
26、al transmission(垂直传播)(垂直传播):尤以乙型肝炎为甚尤以乙型肝炎为甚HBVvertical transmission为主要途径为主要途径宫内经胎盘传播宫内经胎盘传播分娩时接触母血及羊水分娩时接触母血及羊水产后接触母亲唾液或母乳。产后接触母亲唾液或母乳。 母亲产道分泌物、乳汁、羊水母亲产道分泌物、乳汁、羊水HBsAg阳性,血阳性,血HBeAg阳性,是造成胎儿感阳性,是造成胎儿感染的高危因素染的高危因素HCV:2/3 of C hepatitis in 3rd trimester exists vertical transmission, of which, 1/3 devel
27、ops chronic hepatitisHAV 、 HDV 、HEV :rare vertical transmissionDiagnosisDiagnosis of acute hepatitis is difficult1st trimester: hepatitis may be neglected by morning sick.2nd and 3rd trimester: other illness also can cause abnormal liver functionDiagnosis cant only be ensured by elevated AST or ALT.
28、Points of diagnosisHistory of exposure or blood products transfusionClinical manifestationIncreased serum ALTTBIL17mol/L,尿胆红素阳性,尿胆红素阳性Pathogen testsHBV血清学及病原学检测及意义血清学及病原学检测及意义HBsAg:infectivityHBsAb: immunologic response to infection or cureHBeAg: high infectivityHBeAb:partial immune response to infe
29、ction and cureHBcAb-IgM: infectivityHBcAb-IgG: chronic infectionHBV-DNA: infectivityDiagnosis of fulminant hepatitis乙型、乙乙型、乙/丙、乙丙、乙/丁重叠感染为主要原因。丁重叠感染为主要原因。感染戊肝也易发生。感染戊肝也易发生。Manifestation:severe symptoms of digestive tract;rapidly increased TBIL171mol/L;肝臭,肝臭,abnormal liver function; tendency to gener
30、al bleeding;肝性脑病;肝性脑病;acute renal failure Identification妊娠剧吐引起的肝损害妊娠剧吐引起的肝损害妊娠期高血压疾病引起的肝损害妊娠期高血压疾病引起的肝损害:终止:终止妊娠后迅速恢复妊娠后迅速恢复。HELLP syndrome药物性肝损害药物性肝损害:氯丙嗪、苯巴比妥类镇:氯丙嗪、苯巴比妥类镇静药、红霉素、异烟肼、利福平等静药、红霉素、异烟肼、利福平等Acute fatty liver of pregnancyInduced by pregnancy and resolves after pregnancyMajor risk is mate
31、rnal death due to rapid liver failure and its complicationsDiagnosis of AFLPSerum ALT500UB超超:肝区弥散的密度增高区,呈雪花状肝区弥散的密度增高区,呈雪花状强弱不均强弱不均MRI见肝大片密度减低区见肝大片密度减低区Diagnosis depends on liver biopsyManagement of AFLPSupportive therapyMaternal resuscitation by correction of hypoglycaemia, fluid imbalance, DICTrea
32、tment of liver failureIntensive fetal monitoringUrgent deliveryPrevention of postpartum hemorrhage and infectionPreventionHepatitis BMater:乙肝母亲治愈半年后妊娠乙肝母亲治愈半年后妊娠 Va c c i n a t i o n i s t h e m o s t important in preventing HBVs mother-to-infants transmission.Infants3 routes主动免疫:主动免疫:生后生后24小时内肌肉注射乙
33、肝小时内肌肉注射乙肝疫苗疫苗10g,1、6个月再分别注射个月再分别注射10g(成功率达(成功率达75%)。)。被动免疫:被动免疫:生后立即肌肉注射生后立即肌肉注射HBIG 100-200U联合免疫:联合免疫:乙肝疫苗按乙肝疫苗按0、1、6进行,生进行,生后后6小时肌注小时肌注HBIG 200U(成功率(成功率95%)Hepatitis A:密切接触密切接触7日内肌注丙种日内肌注丙种球蛋白球蛋白。Hepatitis C:无特异的免疫方法。减无特异的免疫方法。减少医源性感染是重要环节。保护易少医源性感染是重要环节。保护易感人群可用丙种球蛋白。抗感人群可用丙种球蛋白。抗HCV抗抗体阳性母亲的婴儿,在
34、体阳性母亲的婴儿,在l岁前可注射岁前可注射免疫球蛋白免疫球蛋白。ManagementsManagement of mild hepatitisRestNutritionProtecting the damaged liverPrevent further damage of the liver, such as some foods or drugs Prevent infectionManagement of severe hepatitisTherapy of protecting liver:胰高血糖胰高血糖-胰岛素胰岛素-葡葡萄糖,白蛋白,血浆萄糖,白蛋白,血浆预防及治疗肝昏迷:预防及
35、治疗肝昏迷:限制蛋白质摄入,减少氨及限制蛋白质摄入,减少氨及毒素的吸收。醋谷胺,氨基酸,毒素的吸收。醋谷胺,氨基酸,ATP,辅酶,辅酶APrevention and management of DICManagements of renal failure:严格限制入液量,严格限制入液量,应用利尿剂。防治高血钾。避免应用肾损害的药应用利尿剂。防治高血钾。避免应用肾损害的药物物Obstetric managements Prenatal management妊娠早期急性肝炎,积极治疗后可继妊娠早期急性肝炎,积极治疗后可继续妊娠。慢性活动性肝炎适当治疗后续妊娠。慢性活动性肝炎适当治疗后终止妊娠。终
36、止妊娠。妊娠中晚期避免终止妊娠,加强胎儿妊娠中晚期避免终止妊娠,加强胎儿监护。避免妊娠延期或过期。监护。避免妊娠延期或过期。Injection vitamin K1 2040mg/d.Blood crossmatch.Avoid prolonging labor.Prevention of genital tract laceration and postpartum hemorrhage.CS is appropriate for fulminant hepatitis.Intrapartum managementPuerperium managementAntibiotics therap
37、yAbout breastfeeding:HBsAg阳性产妇肝阳性产妇肝功能正常者,新生儿接受免疫预防后可功能正常者,新生儿接受免疫预防后可以哺乳。若回奶不能用对肝脏有损害的以哺乳。若回奶不能用对肝脏有损害的药物如雌激素。药物如雌激素。Begins in pregnancy, resolves after deliveryUsually commences between 2834 weeksIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP)Manifestation and diagnosis of ICPCharacterized by widesprea
38、d pruritus(瘙痒)(瘙痒) and elevated bile acids(胆汁(胆汁酸升高)酸升高)Jaundice(黄疸(黄疸) is not necessary for the diagnosis but often follows in severe cases.maternal/perinatal outcomeObstetric bleeding(产科出血)(产科出血)(1022%)Stillbirth(15%)Fetal distress(25%) Preterm delivery(30%)Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid(
39、羊水(羊水粪染)(粪染)(3040%)Management of ICPMonitoring of fetal well-beingTiming of delivery, CS is recommendedMaternal symptoms controlVitamin K supplementation小结小结名词:围生期心脏病名词:围生期心脏病 AFLP ICP妊娠合并心脏病早期心衰的诊断妊娠合并心脏病早期心衰的诊断妊娠合并心脏病的处理妊娠合并心脏病的处理病毒性肝炎对妊娠的影响病毒性肝炎对妊娠的影响妊娠合并病毒性肝炎的产科处理妊娠合并病毒性肝炎的产科处理下次预习内容妊娠合并糖尿病妊娠合并糖尿病糖尿病对妊娠的影响糖尿病对妊娠的影响妊娠合并糖尿病的处理妊娠合并糖尿病的处理妊娠妊娠 合并甲亢和贫血的处理原则合并甲亢和贫血的处理原则妊娠合并阑尾炎妊娠合并阑尾炎 参考书参考书高危妊娠高危妊娠Williams Obstetrics (23st Edition)中华妇产科杂志中华妇产科杂志实用产科学实用产科学现代妇产科进展现代妇产科进展Am J Obstet Gynecol