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1、Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System 1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as follows:aircraft 飞行器lighter-than-air aircraft 轻于空气的飞行器l balloon 气球l airship 飞船(2) rotorcraft 旋翼式飞行器l helicopter 直升机l gyroplane 旋翼机(3) gli
2、der 滑翔机(4) airplane 飞机2. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the types of aircrafts engine.(1) propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨式飞机l piston propeller-driven aircraft 活塞螺旋桨式飞机l turboprop aircraft 涡轮螺旋桨式飞机(2) jet aircraft 喷气式飞机l turbojet aircraft 涡轮喷气式飞机l turbofan jet aircraf
3、t 涡轮风扇喷气式飞机3. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity.(1) supersonic aircraft 超音速飞机 Supersonic aircraft travels faster than the speed of sound.(2) hypersonic aircraft 高超音速飞机 Hypersonic aircraft travels much faster than the speed of sound.(3) tr
4、ansonic aircraft 跨音速飞机 Transonic aircraft travels approximately equal to the speed of sound.(4) subsonic aircraft 亚音速飞机 Subsonic aircraft travels slower than the speed of sound but also very fast.4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/sho
5、rt-haulaircraft近程飞机Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers.(2) medium-haul aircraft 中程飞机 The air range is longer than 2400 kilometers but shorter than 4800 kilometers.(3) long-range aircraft / long-haul aircraft 远程飞机 The air range is longer than 4800 kilometers.5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowin
6、ggroupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陆上飞机Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飞机Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn 水陆两用飞机Anamphibianisanairplanewhichcanlandonbothlandandwater.6.Anairplanecanbe
7、dividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane单翼飞机Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairofwings.(2)biplane双翼飞机 Abiplaneisan old-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings,oneabovetheother.(3)multiplane多翼飞机Amultiplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwopairsofwings, say, threeorfourpairs
8、.7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplane下单翼飞机Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisbelowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中单翼飞机Amidwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisanywherebetweenthefuselage.(3) high wing airplane 上单翼飞机 A hig
9、h wing airplane is an airplane whose wing is above the cabin.8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoitsmission.(1)militaryaircraft军用飞机(2)civilaircraft民用机Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System1. Airframe
10、(1) fuselage 机身The fuselage (or body) of the airplane holds all of the parts together and carries the passengers or cargo.(2) wing / airfoil 机翼The wings generate most of the lift necessary for flight. aileron 副翼Ailerons are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft. At the trailing edge,
11、 its an aileron. leading edge slat 前缘缝翼 trailing edge flap 后缘襟翼Flaps and slats are parts of the wing which are used during take off and landing to increase lift and drag. spoiler 扰流板Spoilers are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft and to decrease lift and increase drag during landi
12、ngs. Between the leading and trailing edges, its a spoiler.(3) empennage / the tail assembly 尾翼 vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面、垂直尾翼 rudder 方向舵A rudder is a control surface connected to the vertical stabilizer and is used to yaw the aircraft. horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面、水平尾翼 elevator 升降舵Elevators are cont
13、rol surfaces connected to the horizontal stabilizer and are used to pitch the aircraft. stabilator 全动式水平尾翼Stabilators are control surfaces which provide both horizontal stability and pitch control for the aircraft.(4) landing gear / undercarriage 起落架Airplanes require landing gear for taxiing, takeof
14、f and landing.(5) powerplant 动力装置Most modern aircraft are powered by gas turbine, or jet engines.2.Four Forces on the Aircraft(1) lift 升力，浮力Lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.(2) gravity / weight 重力Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center
15、 of the earth.(3) thrust 推力，拉力Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through the air.(4) drag 阻力Drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.3. Fuselage Constructioncabin / passenger cabin 客舱cargo / cargo compartment 货舱cockpit / fl
16、ight compartment 驾驶舱bulkhead 隔板former 隔框wing attachment points 机翼安装处firewall 防火墙stringer 长桁stressed skin 耐压蒙皮semi-monocoque 半硬壳式结构4.Wing Componentswing tip 翼梢rib 翼肋spar 翼梁fuel tank 油箱stringer 长桁skin 蒙皮aileron 副翼5.Empennage Componentsvertical stabilizer 垂直安定面rudder 方向舵horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面eleva
17、tor 升降舵stabilator 全动式水平尾翼trim tab 配平调整片6.Landing Gear Componentsnose landing gear 前起落架main landing gear 主起落架wheel (起落架)轮conventional landing gear 传统起落架tail wheel 机尾(起落架)轮tricycle landing gear 三轮式起落架nose wheel 机头(起落架)轮7.PowerPlant Compartmentengine 发动机，引擎propeller 螺旋桨cowling kal引擎罩，整流罩firewall 防火墙8.
18、Fastener 紧固件紧固件structural joint 结构缝shank 轴cotter 开口销washer 垫圈hinge 铰链wrench 扳钳bearing 轴承bolt 螺栓，螺钉rivet 铆钉swage 接头锁紧螺母nut 螺母，螺帽pin 销钉screw 螺丝9.Implement 工具工具milling machine 铣床boring machine 镗床punching machine 冲床turning machine 车床sawing machine 锯床routing machine 特形铣床Module I Terminology Project I Avi
19、ation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts SystemAircrafts System1. Hydraulic System 液压系统液压系统Among the units commonly operated by hydraulic systems are landing gear, wing flaps, speed and wheel brakes, fixed-wing and rotary-wing folding mechanisms and flight contro
20、l surfaces.There are three types of hydraulic fluids currently being used in civil aircraft： The phosphate ester base fluids are used in high performance piston engines and turboprop aircraft.reservoir 液压油箱液压油箱filter 过滤器过滤器accumulator 蓄压器蓄压器check valve 单向阀单向阀hand pump 手动泵手动泵power-driven pump 动力驱动泵动力
21、驱动泵pressure regulator 压力调节器压力调节器pressure gage 压力表压力表relief valve 减压阀，安全阀减压阀，安全阀actuating unit 动力传动装置动力传动装置piston 活塞活塞cylinder 汽缸汽缸actuating cylinder 作动筒作动筒A basic hydraulic system includes:1. reservoir2. power-driven pump3. filter4. pressure regulator5. accumulator6. check valve7. hand pump8. pressu
22、re gage9. relief valve10. actuating unit11. cylinder2. Fuel System 燃油系统燃油系统The aircraft fuel system stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the right pressure to meet the demands of the engine. A well designed fuel system ensures positive and reliable fuel flow throughout all pha
23、ses of flight, which include changes in attitude, violent maneuvers and sudden acceleration and deceleration. The indicators such as fuel pressure gages, warning signals and tank quantity gages are provided to give continuous indications of how the system is functioning. Gasoline（汽油） and kerosene（煤油
24、） are the two most widely used aviation fuels（航空燃料）.Two types of jet turbine engine（涡轮喷气发动机） fuel in common use today are:l kerosene grade turbine fuel 煤油涡轮燃料l a blend of gasoline and kerosene fractions 汽煤混合馏分燃料 The integral fuel tank（整体油箱） in a jet airliner has： fuel tank 油箱 main tank 主油箱 reserve t
25、ank / auxiliary tank 储备油箱 center tank 中央油箱 trim tank 重心调整油箱 vent surge tank 通风(防震动)油箱 horizontal stabilizer tank (on some aircraft)Two types of fuel feed system are used to supply the fuel to the engines. They are:l gravity feed system 重力式供给系统l pressure feed system 压力式供给系统The gravity feed system is
26、the simplest type which is still in use on many low-powered airplane, while the pressure feed system is much complex in construction and operation.manifold cross-feed system 总管交输系统firewall shut-off valve 防火墙关断活门tank 油箱filter 过滤器manifold valve 总管阀auxiliary tank 储备油箱fuel manifold 燃油总管refueling recepta
27、cle 燃油加注接头booster / boost pump 增压泵tank shut-off valve 油箱关断活门engine-driven fuel pump 发动机驱动燃油泵3. Flight Control System 飞行操纵系统飞行操纵系统 Flight control is the action taken to make the aircraft follow any desired flight path. When an aircraft is said to be controllable, it means that the aircraft responds e
28、asily and promptly to the movement of the controls. Moving the control surfaces on an aircraft changes the airflow over the aircrafts surface.The flight control surfaces are hinged or movable airfoils designed to change the attitude of the aircraft during flight. These surfaces may be divided into t
29、hree groups, usually referred to as the primary group and auxiliary group.The primary group includes the ailerons, elevators and rudder. They are used for moving the aircraft about its three axes. The ailerons and elevators are generally operated from the cockpit by a control stick on single-engine
30、aircraft and by a wheel and yoke assembly on multi-engine aircraft. The rudder is operated by foot pedals on all types of aircraft.The auxiliary group includes spoilers, speed brakes, slats and flaps. The auxiliary group may be divided into two sub-groups: the lift augmenting devices and the lift de
31、creasing devices. The lift augmenting devices are trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats. The lift decreasing devices are speed brakes and spoilers.The flight control systems may be divided into two major parts: the primary control systems and the auxiliary control systems. The primary control s
32、ystems are used to control the primary group of control surfaces, while the auxiliary control systems are used to control the auxiliary groups of control surfaces.(1) control surface 操纵面 primary control surface 主操纵面 aileron 副翼 rudder 方向舵 elevator 升降舵 auxiliary control surface 辅助操纵面 trim 调整片 flap 襟翼
33、speed brake 减速板 horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面(2) primary control system 主操纵系统(3) auxiliary control system 辅助操纵系统(4) control stick 操纵杆(5) foot pedal 脚蹬(6) control column 驾驶杆(7) control wheel 驾驶盘(8) push-pull rod 推拉杆Different control surfaces are used to control the aircraft about each of the three axes
34、.(1) vertical axis / yaw axis 垂直轴 yaw 偏航 The nose of the aircraft swings from side to side.(2) lateral axis / pitch axis 横轴 pitch 俯仰 The nose of the aircraft moves up and down.(3) longitudinal axis / roll axis 纵轴 roll 滚转 The wings of the aircraft move up and down.4. Landing Gear System 起落架系统起落架系统The
35、 landing gear of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of main and auxiliary units, either of which may or may not be retractable. The auxiliary landing gear consists of tail or nose wheel installations, outboard pontoons（浮筒）, skids（刹车）, etc., with necessary cowling and reinforcement.The main landing gear
36、forms the principle support of the aircraft on land or water and may include any combination of wheels, floats, skids, shock-absorbing equipment, brakes, retracting mechanism with controls and warning devices, cowling, fairing（整流罩） and structural members necessary to attach any of the foregoing to t
37、he primary structure.u inboard retracting main gear 向内收起式主起落架u forward retracting nose gear 向前收起式前起落架u tail wheel gear 后三点式起落架u tricycle gear 前三点式起落架u landing gear bay 起落架舱u landing strut 起落架支柱 gear retraction 起落架收起 hand crank 手动式摇柄 nose wheel steering 前轮转向操纵 downlock actuator 下锁位作动器 downlock spring
38、s 下锁位弹簧 shock absorber 减震器 safety pin 安全销l lock stay 锁紧撑杆l retraction actuator 收起作动器l nose landing gear / NLG 前起落架l main landing gear / MLG 主起落架l actuating cylinder 作动筒l downlock cylinder 下位锁汽缸l landing gear selector valve l 起落架换向阀p door and doorlatch cylinders 舱盖及门闩汽缸p uplock cylinder 上位锁汽缸p retrac
39、ting cylinder 收起汽缸p hydraulic landing gear retraction system 液压式起落架收起系统p selector valve 选择阀/换向阀p orifice check valve 小孔单向阀 gear (actuating) cylinder 起落架作动筒 sequence check valve (A, B, C, D) 序列单向阀 up-lock 上位锁 down-lock 下位锁 door (actuating) cylinder 舱盖作动筒 nose gear (actuating) cylinder 前起落架作动筒 multipl
40、e-disk rotor type brakes 多盘转子型刹车 pressure plate 压力板 rotor 转子 stator 定子 piston 活塞 adjuster 调节器 brake mount flange 刹车架凸缘 wear indicator 磨耗指示器 brake hose connection / hydraulic bleed port 刹车软管接头/液压放气口5. Air Conditioning System 空调系统空调系统The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. An air conditioning system is designed to perform any or all of the following functions: supply ventilation air, supply heated air and supply cooling air.